环境对健康的影响优质课一等奖

these precious and worth cherishing. Second, scientific research situation, grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation and upgrading of full completion of the "Thirteen-Five" development tasks, start is crucial. Focused grand blueprint, must to history of thinking views trend, put associate times forward of pulse, stepped on associate economic law of drums, find associate transformation upgrade of path, in grasp macro trend in the advance science development; to strategy of vision conspiracy to global, always tight buckle national macro policy oriented, accurate grasp County love actual, based overall caught opportunities, and PCT thought, ensure County economic social development always along right track continued forward; to precision of measures seeking breakthrough, tightly pegged focus task and bottleneck restricted, Science and identify practical and effective measures, advance breakthrough, ensuring all tasks carry out to the letter; based on scientific assessment and strict implementation, persist in combining routine supervision and centralized supervision, accurate assessment Township departments, strictly cash rewards, prompted the departments own implementation at all levels. In working to advance, to truly grasp the Guide, seize the opportunity, finding a position and play to our strengths and take the initiative, ensure that the start of the new year tree, new performance. Grasp the Guide, is to dock in policy measures to seize the initiative. Accurate grasp of the Central Government, provinces and cities to speed up the development of new policies and new initiatives with a high degree of policy acumen to capture opportunities to accelerate development. Follow-up to promote the transformation and upgrading of the five great ideas offer a great chance. Five large development philosophy is the Party Central Committee with a view to promote economic transformation and upgrading, complete the building of a well-off society in majordecisions and arrangements, is the development of a profound change. County-wide at all levels should conscientiously study and implement, implement the five ideas, green development, open development, on which to share advantages, and actively explore new path of innovative and coordinated development, changing the concept of leading the transformation of development mode of development, promote the development of quality improvement. Floor supply side structural reform implementation provides an effective strategy for improving the quality of development. Supply side structural reform is future full deepening reform of plays, to according to "macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing" of requirements, keen grasp Central, and provinces release out of new signal, combined County love actual accurate docking, full grasp "to capacity, and to inventory, and to lever, and drop cost, and fill short Board" five big focus task implementation, prompted County economic transformation upgrade, and continued upgrade. Poverty

第二章 生活环境和健康

一、授课学时：2学时

二、教学目的：

（一）掌握大气污染对人体健康的危害，煤烟型烟雾事件和光化学烟雾事件的区别，光化学烟雾的概念，污染物的分类

（二）熟悉空气的物理化学性状及其卫生学意义，大气污染的来源，几种常见大气污染物对健康的危害；

（三）了解大气圈的分层及其卫生学意义，室内空气污染的来源及其对健康的影响，室内空气污染的卫生评价指标

三、重点：大气污染对人体健康的危害，煤烟型烟雾事件和光化学烟雾事件的区别

四、难点：大气污染的间接危害，二氧化碳作为室内空气质量评价指标的原因

五、教具或电教设备：多媒体

六、自学内容：空气的化学组成，室内微小气候的卫生要求，

七、相关学科知识：环境保护学知识

八、教学法：启发式教学

九、讲授内容纲要、要求及时间分配

一、复习上次课的主要内容（5分钟）

二、大气圈简介（10分钟）

（一）大气圈的自然状态（5分钟）

地球表面包围着很厚的并随地球旋转的空气层，称为大气圈。

（二）大气圈的分层及其卫生学意义（5分钟）

按气温的垂直变化特点分为5层

三、空气的物理化学性状及其卫生学意义（20分钟）

（一）太阳辐射（10分钟）

紫外线、红外线、可见光的生物学效应及损伤效应。

（1）紫外线

A段 波长320～400nm：色素沉着作用；免疫功能增强；但引起紫外线性白内障

B段 波长275～320nm：抗佝偻病作用，但引起红斑作用、雪盲和电光性眼炎

C段 波长200～275nm：杀菌作用，但引起雪盲和电光性眼炎

these precious and worth cherishing. Second, scientific research situation, grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation and upgrading of full completion of the "Thirteen-Five" development tasks, start is crucial. Focused grand blueprint, must to history of thinking views trend, put associate times forward of pulse, stepped on associate economic law of drums, find associate transformation upgrade of path, in grasp macro trend in the advance science development; to strategy of vision conspiracy to global, always tight buckle national macro policy oriented, ccurate grasp County love actual, based overall caught opportunities, and PCT thought, ensure County economic social development always along right track continued forward; to precision of measures seeking breakthrough, tightly pegged focus task and bottleneck restricted, Science and identify practical and effective measures, advance breakthrough, ensuring all tasks carry out to the letter; based on scientific assessment and strict implementation, persist in combining routine supervision and centralized supervision, accurate assessment Township departments, strictly cash rewards, prompted the departments own implementation at all levels. In working to advance, to truly grasp the Guide, seize the opportunity, finding a position and play to our strengths and take the initiative, ensure that the start of the new year tree, new performance. Grasp the Guide, is to dock in policy measures to seize the initiative. Accurate grasp of the Central Government, provinces and cities to speed up the development of new policies and new initiatives with a high degree of policy acumen to capture opportunities to accelerate development. Follow-up to promote the transformation and upgrading of the five great ideas offer a great chance. Five large development philosophy is the Party Central Committee with a view to promote economic transformation and upgrading, complete the building of a well-off society in majordecisions and arrangements, is the development of a profound change. County-wide at all levels should conscientiously study and implement, implement the five ideas, green development, open development, on which to share advantages, and actively explore new path of innovative and coordinated development, changing the concept of leading the transformation of development mode of development, promote the development of quality improvement. Floor supply side structural reform implementation provides an effective strategy for improving the quality of development. Supply side structural reform is future full deepening reformof plays, to according to "macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing" of requirements, keen grasp Central, and provinces release out of new signal, combined County love actual accurate docking, full grasp "to capacity, and to inventory, and to lever, and drop cost, and fill short Board" five big focus task implementation, prompted County economic transformation upgrade, and continued upgrade. Poverty（ 2 ）红外线（760nm～1mm）

适当：热效应，消炎镇痛；

过量：烧伤、中暑、白内障等。

（3）可见光（400nm～760nm）

适当：调节生理功能，提高视觉功能，镇静作用，提高情绪和工作效率；

过强或过弱：视觉疲劳。

（二）空气离子化（5分钟）

空气离子化的概念，发生离子化的原因，阴离子和阳离子的概念和生物学作用

组成空气的气体分子在宇宙线、紫外线、放射线等作用下，产生正、负离子的过。

一部分离子与中性气体分子吸附到一起，形成质量较轻，直径较大的离子，称为轻离子（n+/n-）。

轻离子可与灰尘、烟雾等凝集成为重离子(N+/N-)。

一般认为负离子对机体呈现良好作用：

①调节大脑皮层、改善植物神经功能

②刺激骨髓造血功能

③降低血压

④改善肺换气功能

⑤促进组织细胞生物氧化还原过程

⑥增强注意力、提高工作效率等。

无论阴离子或阳离子，当浓度>106/cm3，均对机体产生不良影响。

（三）气象因素（2分钟）

气温、气湿、气流、气压

（四）室内微小气候（3分钟）

室内微小气候：室内由于墙壁、地板、天花板、 门窗等维护性结构的作用形成了与室外不同的室内气候。

四、大气污染与疾病（25分钟）

（一）大气污染的概念，大气污染的来源，污染物的分类（10分钟）

大气污染（air pollution）：由于人为或自然的原因，使一种或多种污染物混入大气中，并达到一定浓度，超过大气的自净能力，致使大气原有的正常组成或性状发生了改变，对居民

these precious and worth cherishing. Second, scientific research situation, grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation and upgrading of full completion of the "Thirteen-Five" development tasks, start is crucial. Focused grand blueprint, must to history of thinking views trend, put associate times forward of pulse, stepped on associate economic law of drums, find associate transformation upgrade of path, in grasp macro trend in the advance science development; to strategy of vision conspiracy to global, always tight buckle national macro policy oriented, accurate grasp County love actual, based overall caught opportunities, and PCT thought, ensure County economic social development always along right track continued forward; to precision of measures seeking breakthrough, tightly pegged focus task and bottleneck restricted, Science and identify practical and effective measures, advance breakthrough, ensuring all tasks carry out to the letter; based on scientific assessment and strict implementation, persist in combining routine supervision and centralized supervision, accurate assessment Township departments, strictly cash rewards, prompted the departments own implementation at all levels. In working to advance, to truly grasp the Guide, seize the opportunity, finding a position and play to our strengths and take the initiative, ensure that the start of the new year tree, new performance. Grasp the Guide, is to dock in policy measures to seize the initiative. Accurate grasp of the Central Government, provinces and cities to speed up the development of new policies and new initiatives with a high degree of policy acumen to capture opportunities to accelerate development. Follow-up to promote the transformation and upgrading of the five great ideas offer a great chance. Five large development philosophy is the Party Central Committee with a view to promote economic transformation and upgrading, complete the building of a well-off society in majordecisions and arrangements, is the development of a profound change. County-wide at all levels should conscientiously study and implement, implement the five ideas, green development, open development, on which to share advantages, and actively explore new path of innovative and coordinated development, changing the concept of leading the transformation of development mode of development, promote the development of quality improvement. Floor supply side structural reform implementation provides an effective strategy for improving the quality of development. Supply side structural reform is future full deepening reform of plays, to according to "macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing" of requirements, keen grasp Central, and provinces release out of new signal, combined County love actual accurate docking, full grasp "to capacity, and to inventory, and to lever, and drop cost, and fill short Board" five big focus task implementation, prompted County economic transformation upgrade, and continued upgrade. Poverty健康和生活条件造成了危害，对动植物产生不良影响的空气状况。

一次污染物（primary pollutant）

：直接来源于污染源的污染物。 SO2、NO、CO、CO2、硫化氢

等

二次污染物（secondary pollutant）：由一次污染物在大气中与其他物质发生化学反应或在太阳辐射线作用下发生光化学反应而形成的新的污染物。 SO3、NO2、硫酸、硝酸和醛等 （二）大气污染对人体健康的危害（10分钟）

1、直接危害：急性中毒，慢性中毒，致癌作用，变态反应，非特异性疾病多发；

2、间接危害：影响微小气候和太阳辐射，形成酸雨，温室效应，平流层的臭氧层破坏

（三）煤烟型烟雾事件和光化学烟雾事件的区别（5分钟）

煤烟型烟雾事件特点：

a.污染物来自煤炭的燃烧产物及工业生产过程的污染物；

b.气象条件为气温低、气压高、风速很低、湿度大、有雾、逆温；

c.多发生在寒冷季节；

d.河谷盆地易发生；

e.受害者以呼吸道刺激症状最早出现；

死亡原因多为气管炎、支气管炎、心脏病等；

老年人、婴幼儿、患有慢性呼吸道疾病和心血管疾病等人群，受影响最严重。

光化学烟雾事件特点：

a.污染物主要来自汽车尾气；

b.气象条件为气温高、天气晴朗，紫外线强烈；多发生在夏秋季节的白天；

c.多发生在南北纬度60°以下地区；

d.大城市内机动车拥挤、高楼林立，街道通风不畅，容易发生此类事件；

e.受害者症状主要是眼睛红肿、流泪、咽喉痛、喘息、咳嗽、呼吸困难、头痛、心肺功能衰竭等，患有心脏病、肺部疾患的人受害最重。

五、几种常见大气污染物对健康的危害（10分钟）

二氧化硫、氮氧化物、颗粒物对人体健康的危害。

1．二氧化硫对人体健康的影响: 刺激作用引起炎症（气管炎支气管哮喘肺气肿等) 致敏作用：吸附SO2的颗粒物是过敏原

these precious and worth cherishing. Second, scientific research situation, grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation and upgrading of full completion of the "Thirteen-Five" development tasks, start is crucial. Focused grand blueprint, must to history of thinking views trend, put associate times forward of pulse, stepped on associate economic law of drums, find associate transformation upgrade of path, in grasp macro trend in the advance science development; to strategy of vision conspiracy to global, always tight buckle national macro policy oriented, ccurate grasp County love actual, based overall caught opportunities, and PCT thought, ensure County economic social development always along right track continued forward; to precision of measures seeking breakthrough, tightly pegged focus task and bottleneck restricted, Science and identify practical and effective measures, advance breakthrough, ensuring all tasks carry out to the letter; based on scientific assessment and strict implementation, persist in combining routine supervision and centralized supervision, accurate assessment Township departments, strictly cash rewards, prompted the departments own implementation at all levels. In working to advance, to truly grasp the Guide, seize the opportunity, finding a position and play to our strengths and take the initiative, ensure that the start of the new year tree, new performance. Grasp the Guide, is to dock in policy measures to seize the initiative. Accurate grasp of the Central Government, provinces and cities to speed up the development of new policies and new initiatives with a high degree of policy acumen to capture opportunities to accelerate development. Follow-up to promote the transformation and upgrading of the five great ideas offer a great chance. Five large development philosophy is the Party Central Committee with a view to promote economic transformation and upgrading, complete the building of a well-off society in majordecisions and arrangements, is the development of a profound change. County-wide at all levels should conscientiously study and implement, implement the five ideas, green development, open development, on which to share advantages, and actively explore new path of innovative and coordinated development, changing the concept of leading the transformation of development mode of development, promote the development of quality improvement. Floor supply side structural reform implementation provides an effective strategy for improving the quality of development. Supply side structural reform is future full deepening reformof plays, to according to "macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing" of requirements, keen grasp Central, and provinces release out of new signal, combined County love actual accurate docking, full grasp "to capacity, and to inventory, and to lever, and drop cost, and fill short Board" five big focus task implementation, prompted County economic transformation upgrade, and continued upgrade. Poverty促癌作用：

SO2对B(a)p致癌作用的促进

2．氮氧化物对人体健康的影响: 对呼吸系统的影响常见：刺激症状，肺水肿。

对血液系统及其他系统的影响：高铁血红蛋白症;损害中枢神经系统；出现类神经症。

一次MAC：

0.15mg/m3 3．颗粒物对人体健康的影响: 总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）：直径0.1um－100um 可吸入性颗粒物（IP）：直径≤10um 微粒子（PM2.5）：直径<2.5um 粒径大小与颗粒物停留在呼吸道不同部位有关

对机体的影响：引起呼吸系统疾病发生率增加、死亡率增加；吸附苯并(a)芘→促癌作用

日均MAC: IP 0.15mg/m3 六、室内空气污染与健康（10分钟）

室内空气污染物的来源及其对健康的影响，室内空气污染的卫生学评价及其防护措施。

甲醛(formaldehyde)：

刺激作用流泪、流鼻涕、咳嗽

致敏化学物变态反应性疾病

挥发性有机化合物（VOC）：苯、甲苯、二甲苯

影响中枢神经系统：头晕、头痛、嗜睡、

食欲不振等

影响消化系统（肝脏）、造血系统功能

CO：与心血管疾病有关，还可致CO急性中毒。

氡及其子体：引起肺癌。

病原微生物：导致呼吸道疾病的传播。

滋生在空调冷却器的嗜肺军团菌（legionaires disease）可引起军团菌病（以肺炎为主的全身性疾病）。

十、参考书目：

（一）《预防医学》，朱启星 吴小南编著。人民卫生出版社，2002年8月第1版；

（二）《环境保护基础》，程发良 常慧编著，清华大学出版社，2002年3月第1版；

these precious and worth cherishing. Second, scientific research situation, grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation and upgrading of full completion of the "Thirteen-Five" development tasks, start is crucial. Focused grand blueprint, must to history of thinking views trend, put associate times forward of pulse, stepped on associate economic law of drums, find associate transformation upgrade of path, in grasp macro trend in the advance science development; to strategy of vision conspiracy to global, always tight buckle national macro policy oriented, accurate grasp County love actual, based overall caught opportunities, and PCT thought, ensure County economic social development always along right track continued forward; to precision of measures seeking breakthrough, tightly pegged focus task and bottleneck restricted, Science and identify practical and effective measures, advance breakthrough, ensuring all tasks carry out to the letter; based on scientific assessment and strict implementation, persist in combining routine supervision and centralized supervision, accurate assessment Township departments, strictly cash rewards, prompted the departments own implementation at all levels. In working to advance, to truly grasp the Guide, seize the opportunity, finding a position and play to our strengths and take the initiative, ensure that the start of the new year tree, new performance. Grasp the Guide, is to dock in policy measures to seize the initiative. Accurate grasp of the Central Government, provinces and cities to speed up the development of new policies and new initiatives with a high degree of policy acumen to capture opportunities to accelerate development. Follow-up to promote the transformation and upgrading of the five great ideas offer a great chance. Five large development philosophy is the Party Central Committee with a view to promote economic transformation and upgrading, complete the building of a well-off society in majordecisions and arrangements, is the development of a profound change. County-wide at all levels should conscientiously study and implement, implement the five ideas, green development, open development, on which to share advantages, and actively explore new path of innovative and coordinated development, changing the concept of leading the transformation of development mode of development, promote the development of quality improvement. Floor supply side structural reform implementation provides an effective strategy for improving the quality of development. Supply side structural reform is future full deepening reform of plays, to according to "macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing" of requirements, keen grasp Central, and provinces release out of new signal, combined County love actual accurate docking, full grasp "to capacity, and to inventory, and to lever, and drop cost, and fill short Board" five big focus task implementation, prompted County economic transformation upgrade, and continued upgrade. Poverty（三）《环境卫生学》，陈学敏 吴德生编著。人民卫生出版社，1981年5月第1版。