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一些语法项目归纳

黄色阴影部分需要特别关注。

哪些词或短语后面加原级？那些后面加比较级？哪些加最高级？ 加比较级

…得多：much, many(adv); a lot, a great deal;

far, so far,

….一点儿：a little, a bit; some, any,

与no有关：

no more; no longer; no less than等；

其他：even, still; the +比较级…，the +比较级；

the +比较级

of the two;

后加原级

so , as, such, very , quite, rather, too, extremely, what, how. 后加最高级：

the +最高级

of the three/ all; the+最高级+范围（among the students; in our class; in the world）;

另外：形容词比较级表达方式：big/bigger; beautiful/ more beautiful; beautiful/ less beautiful.

虚拟语气

注意：虚拟语气的形式非常固定，不用管为什么，记就行。

虚拟语气公式：

过去

If从句

主句

had done 情态（might/could/ would/ should）

+have done

现在

did(be用were) 情态（might/could/ would/ should）+do

将来

1. did(be 用were) 情态（might/could/ would/ should）+do 2. were to do

3. should do 

注意：if 引导的非真实条件句，注意不是所有的条件句都是虚拟语气，而是那种明知不可能而说的才是虚拟语气。

下面这句就是：If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.



注意：当从句里有助动词（were, should, had）

可以省略if，

将助动词提前，构成倒装和省略。下面是例句，可以通过反复读例句，感受用法。

1. If I were you, I wouldn’t forgive her.= Were I you, ….

2. If I had been more diligent in the past，I could have performed better in the monthly exam held last week. = Had I been more diligent in the past, …...

3. If it should snow tomorrow，I would make a snowman for you.” , he teased逗弄

his son(语境是盛夏) = “Should it snow tomorrow, ….. “he teased his son.

“If it were to snow tomorrow, I would make a snowman for you.”, he promised his son.

= “Were it to snow tomorrow, ….. “he teased his son.

表示“如果没有…”

有以下方式，注意感受其中的虚拟味道。

a) Without the guidance of the local people, I couldn’t have arrived at the tent on time.

b) But for the guidance of the local people, …….

c) If it had not been for the guidance of the local people, …...

d) Had it not been for the guidance of the local people, …….

读熟下列用法意思

情态动词+ have done表示原本…却…

1. would have done原本会做结果却没有做；

2. wouldn’t have done原本不会做却做了；

3. should have done原本应该做却没有做；

4. 5. 6. 7. shouldn’t have done原本不应该做却做了；

needn’t have done原本不必做却做了；

could have done原本是可以做却没有做；原本有能力做却没有做；

couldn’ t have done原本是不可以做却做了；原本是没有能力做却做了（如在某人的帮助下）；

表示建议命令要求的具体内容，用虚拟语气，即：(should)+原型；

被动为: （should）be done; 否定为：“(should)not +原形“或“don’t+原形“

建议：

advice/advise; suggest/suggestion; recommend/ recommendation推荐; propose/proposal提议;

命令：

order/order; command/command命令;

要求；

request/request请求; require/requirement要求; demand/demand需求; insist/insistence坚持要某人做; urge/urge力劝;

例句：

1. His parents urged him that he quit (should quit) smoking. （宾语从句）

2. The soldiers received the command that they be sent (should be sent) to the frontier the next week. (同位语从句) 3. My requirement was that he not delay (shouldn’t delay) his task. (表语从句) 4. It’s the manager’s suggestion that the project be delayed (should be delayed )until next week.（主语从句，it 做形式主语，that引导的真正主语）

wish+从句；

would rather+从句（宁愿….）；

if only +句子(要是…就好了); 都可以表示一种不能实现的愿望

例子：

1. How I wish

I could take two days off per week. 我多么希望我能每周放两天假啊

2. He would rather he weren’t a math teacher. 他宁愿他不是一个数学老师。

3. If only I had worked harder last term! 要是我上学期学习更努力一点就好了。

as if/ as though彷佛，好像(如果内容为假的，则用虚拟语气)；even if/ even though即使；尽管；even甚至（adj.）

例子：

1. Look at the man! He looks as if he were an alien(外星人). 他不可能是外星人，用虚拟，从句时态用过去某一时态；

2. Hurry up! It looks as if it is going to rain at any minute. (真实情况，不用虚拟)

It’s (high) time that….(从句用虚拟)，it’s high time中的high起强调作用，表示真的该干某事了。

It’s time that we should take( took) a break. ==It’s time for us to take a break.

熟悉下面的句子：

Long live peace! 和平万岁！

May you rest in peace! 安息吧！

May you succeed!祝你成功！

May you have a smooth trip祝你一路顺风！

倒装句

注意：倒装只与主谓有关系，与其他成分无关系。

要注意思考为什么倒装以及如何倒装。

部分倒装

部分倒装语序就是一般疑问句语序：即助动词提前。

第1种情况：

否定词提前，句子部分倒装。常见的否定词有：not, no, never; nobody, nothing, no one, none一个都没有, nowhere哪儿都不, no sooner（与than一起构成no sooner had…than…）

; not only不仅; not until; in no case无论如何都不; on no condition无论如何都不；on no occasion无论如何都不；by no means无论如何都不；in no situation无论如何都不；neither也不, nor也不; little几乎没有; few几乎没有; hardly; scarcely(=hardly)几乎没有; barely(=hardly)几乎没有; seldom很少;

例子：

1.

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 2.

No sooner had I got to the station than the train left.

3.

Hardly had I got to the station when the train left.

注意：

neither/ nor + 部分倒装，表示….也不…, 而so +部分倒装，表示…也…。

例子：

1.

If you will go there, so will I. = if you will go there, I will go there, too. 如果你要去哪儿，那么我也要去。

2.

If you don't go there, neither will I. = if you don’t go there, I won’t go there, either. 如果你不去，我也不去。

如果前面的内容又有肯定，又有否定，而后面说某人也是如此，则用成：so it is with sb. 或者It is the same with sb. 例子：

A: I like football. I don't like volleyball. B : So it is with me. / It is the same with me.我也是这样。

第2种情况：

Only+状语提前，句子部分倒装。

例子：

1.

Only by practising a few hours every day can you have a good command of the language. 2.

Only when you witness the remains of the buildings after the earthquake will you know how horrible a disaster can be！

第3种情况：

so(such)… that…如此…以至于的结构中，如果so../ such…提前，句子部分倒装。

So pleasant was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. Such a competitive man is he that we can all count on him. (= So competitive a man is he that we can all count on him.

第4种情况：

if引导非真实条件句，其条件句部分有助动词（were/ should/ had）, 则将if省略，并将助动词提前。

例子：

1.

Were it not to rain / Should it not rain this afternoon，I could arrive home by 9 am tomorrow，but pity that I am stuck here till this weekend.

2.

Were I you，I would accept the invitation and go to the party. 3.

Had it not been for your selfless guidance and help, I couldn’t have won the first prize in the English Speech Competition held last week.

完全倒装：

完全倒装的语序是整个谓语在主语前。

第1种情况：

地点状语和now, then, next等提前，句子完全倒装。注意主语是代词时不倒装。

例子：

1.

In the middle of the platform stood the hostess.

2.

Up jumped the cat.

3.

Now comes the Chairperson, Mr. Li.

4.

There he is. （主语是代词，不倒装）

第2种情况：

将某人说的，报道的具体内容提前，后面加某人说或者某人报道，此时可用成完全倒装，也可以不倒。但是如果主语是代词，则不倒。

例子：

1.

More and more students feel sleepy in the first period of a day, reported our school newspaper today.（报道的内容提前，学校报纸报道部分进行了倒装）

2.

“I wish I could take two days’ off per week to relax myself and restore my energy”, said a student who was unwilling to give away his name.

（说的内容提前，一个学生说部分进行了倒装）

3.

“ I am not fond it at all, “ he complained. （他抱怨说，代词做主语，不倒装）。

as表示虽然，注意语序异常：（某部分词提前，再加as/though,再加剩余部分，注意a, very等词要省略）

例子：



Foreigner as/though he is, he knows a lot about Chinese traditional culture. =Although he is a foreigner, …. 

Tired and hungry as/though he was, he wasn’t going to stop. = Although he was very tired and hungry, …. 

Much as/though I love it，I will not buy it. =Although I love it very much,…. 

Try hard as/though he may, he can’t catch up with his twin brother. =Although he may try very hard, ….

感受感叹句是怎么变来的，以及感叹句最后的语序：

The scenery is very amazing------The scenery is how amazing------How amazing the scenery is!

It is a very nice day------It is what a nice day-----What a nice day it is!-----How nice a day it is!

三、as的用法归纳

as”作为“，是介词，like”象．．．一样“，是介词；

例子：

1.

He has worked as a diplomat in the US, Sudan and Saudi Arabia. 他曾任驻美国，苏丹，和沙特阿拉伯的外交官。(作为…，用as)

2.

Like all his classmates, he feels tired of endless homework. 同他的所有同班同学一样，他对无休止的家庭作业感到厌倦。（象…,用like）

as做介词时的常见搭配有：

as a result/ consequence结果; as a result / consequence of作为…的结果; be described as被描述为…; be treated as作为…对待; be considered as/ be viewed as/ be regarded as/be looked on as;被看作; be famous/ well-known as作为…著名; be recognized as作为..被承认;

as构成另外的介词有：

as to=as for至于；as with同…一样；as of截至…为止；

例子：

1.

As to/As for what you are worried about, we are thinking of how to solve it. 至于你所担心的事情，我们正在考虑如何解决。

2.

As with other charitable bodies, these figures mask the true picture. 和其他慈善机构一样，这些数字掩盖了实情。

3.

As of 2001, the company had expanded twice larger than when it was set up. 截至2001, 这个公司已经扩大到了最初建立时的两倍。

as做副词;

as…as…结构中的前面一个as是副词，意思是“一样地“，后一个as是连词，意思是”同“注意：as good a film as….= such a good film as…，其中as是副词，such是形容词；

例子：

I never went through a final exam that was as difficult as that one. 我从来没有碰到过像那次那么难的期末考试。（那么难的…这个那么就是副词as），如果比较对象清楚地情况下，可以省略as+比较对象。

如上

句可以改为: I never went through a final exam that was as difficult.

相关短语：

as many as…同…一样多；as much as….同…一样多；as far as…=so far as…同…一样远/据…；

as long as…=so long as…同…一样长/只要；

as well as…同…一样好/也；

as soon as…一旦…; as soon as possible=as soon as you can尽可能地快；

例子：

1)

His time is as much as yours. （as much as,描述的是不可数）

2)

His apples are as many as yours. （as many as描述的是可数）

3)

He can jump as far as his father. （as far as同…一样远）

4)

As far as I’m concerned, Durian is not so delicious. （as far as I’m concerned据我看来）

5)

As far as I know, it’s not easy for him to deliver a speech in public. （as far as I know据我所知）

6)

This ruler is as long as that one. （as long as…同…一样长）

7)

As long as you strive for your dream, it will be realized one day. （as long as +句子,只要…）

8)

He can speak English as well as a native speaker. (as well as同…一样好) 9)

He, as well as his parents, dislikes durians. (His parents, as well as he, dislike durians. （A as well as B, A和B）A as well as B, 谓语的单复数根据A; 请参看上面的例句。

10)

He hates durians, and he dislikes mangos as well. （as well 也，后不加东西了）

as做连词

as 引导状语从句

1、as引导原因状语，意思是“由于”

例子：

Enjoy the first hour of the day. This is important as it sets the mood for the rest of the day. 好好享受每天的第一个小时，这个之所以重要是因为它会决定你一整天的心情。

2、as引导方式状语，意思是“按照”

例子：

I’ll behave toward them as I would like to be treated. 我会以希望别人对待我的方式对待他们。

3、as引导时间状语从句，意思是“当”和“随着”

例子：

1.

As the event progressed, all his opponents got anxious. 随着事态发展，他所有的对手都变得焦虑了。

2.

As the teacher tried to explain the difficult concept, a storm set in. 当老师尽力地解释这个困难概念的时候，暴风雨来了。

4、as引导比较状语从句

as…as…结构中的第2个as就是连词，翻译成“同”“象”

例子：

1.

I never went through a final exam that was as difficult as that one. = I never went through a final exam that was as difficult as that one was. 我从来没有碰到过像那次那么难的期末考试（象那次这个部分的as就是连词，意思是“象”）

2.

He can jump as high as his teacher. = He can jump as high as his teacher can jump. (同他老师这个部分的as就是连词，意思是“同”

5、as引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然”，可以换成though. 例子：

Young girl as/though she is, she looks like an old woman. = Though/Although she is a young girl, she looks like an old woman.

6、as if/as though引导的从句是方式状语或者表语从句，意思是仿佛，好像，如果从句内容是明显与事实相反，则用虚拟语气，否则，则用正常语气。

例子：

1.

It seems as if/as though he were in control of everything. 彷佛他掌控了一切（具体语境：事实不是这样的，用虚拟，这里as if/ as though引导的是表语从句）

2.

He burst into a high-pitched laugh, as though/as if he had said something funny. 他突然放声大笑，仿佛讲了什么十分好笑的事情（具体语境：事实是讲的事情一点不好笑，这里as if/ as though引导的方式状语）

3.

Look at the sky. It seems as if/ as though a storm is coming soon. (表语从句，这里是可能发生的，所以不用虚拟语气)

as引导定语从句

1、总说：

as引导定语从句是非常特殊的情况，注意此时定语从句成分是不完整的。它的先行词是指人或物，as在从句中主要做主语或宾语。

2、as引导限制性定语从句

先行词有the same, such, so,则关系词用as; 如：

1.

It’s the same person as we wanted to find yesterday . 2.

Such girls as he knows are good at English. 3.

She will marry as healthy a man as she can find.=She will marry such a healthy man as she can find.

3、as引导非限制性定语从句：

as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词必须是句子，

as译为“正如”，定语从句位置灵活。

例子：

1.

The earth moves round the sun, as is known to us all.（as引导的从句放在先行词后面，这是所有定语从句的正常情况）

2.

Tom, as is often the case, worked late last night. （as引导的定语从句放在先行词中间）

3.

As is reported in the newspaper, Fengxiangyuan Park appeals to tens of thousands of visitors every day. （as引导的定语从句，放在先行词前面）

注意：先行词是句子时，也可以用which引导非限制性定语从句，which译为“这一点，这件事”。而as翻译成“正如”。

例子

1.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.（这一点对我们来说很重要）

2.

The sun heats the earth, as we all know. (正如我们大家都知道的那样)

四、定语从句中which和that的区别

共性：

绝大多数情况下，这两者是可以共用的。

例子：

1.

He takes great interest in the martial art novels which/ that were written by Jing Yong.

2.

He takes great interest in the martial art novels which/ that/ 不填

Jin Yong wrote.

两者区别

一、定语从句中只用which而不用that的情况。

1. which可用在非限制性定语从句中，此时不用that.

例子

The project, which lasted four years, cost one billion dollars. 2. which可用前置介词宾语，此时不用that, 但如果介词后置，则that/which/不填都可。

例子

This is the house in which we lived three years ago. =This is the house which/ that/ 不填

we lived in three years ago.

= This is the house where we lived three years ago.

二、定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况。

1. 当先行词为anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时，只能使用“that”。（本用法特别关注）

例子

Is there anything that I can do for you?

2. 当先行词是形容词最高级修饰时，只能使用“that”。（本用法特别关注）

例：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had. 3. 当先行词是序数词修饰时，只能使用“that”。（本用法特别关注）

例：He was the first person that passed the exam. 4. 先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时，用“that”。

例：This will be the last chance that he can get. 5. that既可指物，也可指人。（本用法特别关注）

例子

The people and the scenery in my hometown that he mentioned in his book leave a deep impression on the visitors.

6. 当先行词为all，any，much，many, little, no, none等词时，只能使用“that”。

例子

Tom told her mother all that had happened. the best the first/ the last/ the only/ the very/ the same

wh-ever相关知识

1、what/ who/whom/ which/where/when/how可以加ever，

表示无论是谁；

无论什么；无论哪一个；

无论在哪里；

无论什么时候；无论怎么；

1.

I will do whatever I can to help you.

2.

Whoever leaves the classroom last has the duty to turn off all the lights.

1.

Wherever you go, I’ll be right here waiting for you.= No matter where you go, I’ll be right here waiting for you.

=No matter where…

2.

Whenever you leave the office, you are supposed to turn off the light.= No matter when you leave the office, you are supposed to turn off the light.

=no matter when…

3.

However tough the situation is, he will try to cope with it. = no matter how…

3、区分wh- 与wh-+ever;

例子

1.

I will do whatever I can to help you.

2.

Whatever you do, I will support you unconditionally. =no matter what you do,…

3.

I don’t know what I can do to help you.

1.

Whoever goes against his proposal, he won’t make any compromise. 2.

I don’t know who I can trust in such a situation.

1.

Whichever you choose is none of my business.

2.

Whichever you choose, I won’t say no. = No matter which you choose, …. 3.

I don’t know which I should choose.

例子

1.

I’ll greet him whenever I meet with you.让步状语从句= no matter when I meet with you 2.

I’ll greet him when I meet him.时间状语从句

3.

I don’t know when I can leave.宾语从句

例子

1.

Wherever you go, I will follow you. 让步状语从句=

no matter where you go,…

2.

I’ll put the toy where it is usually placed. 地点状语从句

3.

I don’t know where I can put the toy. 宾语从句

1.

He said he would come. However, he hasn’t turned up yet.

however”然而‘，副词；

2.

However hard you try to persuade him, the stubborn person won’t change his mind. 让步状语从句=no matter how hard you try to persuade him,…

3.

You can’t imagine how stubborn he is.宾语从句

定语从句

如何判断：

从句修饰或者限制或者补充说明先行词；

例子

1.

Guilin is the city where he used to stay.（从句与the city形成一个限制的关系，所以判断出where引导定语从句）

2.

I’ll put the toy where it is usually placed. ( 从句没有与前面的任何部分构成修饰，限制或者补充说明关系，所以判断where引导的不是定语从句，这里where引导地点状语从句。

如何做题：

从句成份完整：when/where/why;

从句成份不完整：人：who/whom/ that/不填；

物：which/ that/不填。

注意：有些先行词表面上看是时间地点原因，但是因为从句成份不完整，所以则考虑为“物”。

例子

1.

Guilin is the city where he used to stay.（从句成份是完整的，所以选择where）

2.

Guilin is the city which/that has countless amazing scenic spots. ( 从句成分差主语，所以选择which/that)

例子：

1.

Do you know the girl who/that is the chairperson of that association? (从句差主语，先行词是人，引导词选择who/that)

2.

Do you know the girl who/that/whom/不填

he mentioned just now? ( 从句差宾语，先行词是人，引导词选择who/ that/whom/不填)

1.

Do you know the city which/ that is the capital of that country? ( 从句差主语，先行词是物，

引导词选择which/ that)

2.

Do you know the city which/ that/ 不填

he mentioned just now? (从句差宾语，先行词是物，引导词选择which/ that/ 不填)

表示所属关系，引导词选择whose，先行词是人或物都可以。

例子

1.

Do you know the city whose mayor is his father? ( 先行词为物，引导词部分表示所属关系，所以用whose) 2.

Do you know the girl whose father is a mayor? ( 先行词为人，引导词部分表示所属关系，所以用whose)

when/where/ why=介词+which;

例子

1.

The heart-warming story began on that special day when/on which a woman asked the primary school to accept her 6-year-old son.(从句成分完整，先行词为世间，所以选择when/ on which)

2.

When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house where/in which I would be staying.(从句成分完整，先行词是地点，所以选择where/in which)

3.

The reason why/ for which he was absent from the meeting was that he was terribly ill. ( 从句成分完整，先行词指原因，所以选择why/ for which)

先行词是way的情况：

例子

1.

Pleas show me the way that/ in which/不填you did the experiment last time. (先行词为way,从句成分完整，引导词选择that/in which/ 不填) 2.

Please show me the way that/which was mentioned in your article. （先行词为way,从句差主语，引导词选择that/ which）

3.

Please show me the way that/ which/ 不填you mentioned in your article. 先行词为way,从句差宾语，引导词选择that/ which/ 不填）

定语从句的引导词没有what.

例子：

1.

Tell me what is happening outside. ( 这是宾语从句，用what引导，是可以的) 2.

Tell me the name of the movie what was directed by Zhang Yimou last year. ( 这是定语从句，修饰the movie, 选择what引导，这是错的，应该改为that/ which)

非限制性定语从句：

例子

1.

Prince William took a visit to the Forbidden City yesterday，whose reputation is all around the world. （reputation名声）

2.

Tom was late for school again, which made his teacher angry. 3.

He was absent from the conference, as/which was reported in the newspaper.

4.

He was absent from the conference, as is known to us.= As is known to us, he was absent from the conference. = He, as is known to us, was absent from the conference.

介词+ which/ whom/ whose:

例子

1.

I went to a special school from which I got plenty of extra help. 2.

Please give me the number of the vice-president of your firm, with whom I made an appointment for a meeting this afternoon.

3.

He doesn’t know how to express his gratitude to the policeman, without whose help his son couldn’t have been found so soon.