Grammar and usage(1): Overview: infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed(I)优质课教案

语法：不定式

本节课重点提要

•

1 不定式的基本用法

2 不定式to 的省略

语态

时态

一般时

进行时

主动语态

被动语态

完成时

Eg. They invited us to go there this summer. 1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）__________ Eg. They seemed to be talking about something

secret. (2) 不定式的进行式表示的动作_____________- Eg. I’m sorry to have done that . (3) 不定式的完成式表示的动作______________- 不定式的基本用法

1）作主语

•

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

注意：动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语

•

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

•

= __________________________________ 2）作宾语：

•

eg.

He wanted to go. 不定式短语可以作宾语，以下动词后，跟不定式作宾语▲(构成"V.+ to do"的形式)

agree, decide,

expect, fail ,help, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish, demand,

afford, happen ,intend , desire (3) 作宾语补足语

•

▲(构成“V.+

Sb.+ to do”的形式

•

He asked me to do the work with him. 下动词常跟这种复合宾语

allow, advise, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like, order, permit, persuade, teach,

warn, wish, cause, intend,

注意: hope sb. to do sth. ×

用

agree sb. to do sth. ×

用

suggest sb. to sth. ×

用

demand sb to do ×

用

(4)作定语

动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。

Eg.I have some books for you to read.

注意: ①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。

Eg. He is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

②用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance,

excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ? •

I have a chance to go sight –seeing. •

③用来修饰被序数词、最高级等限定的中心词。如：

•

He was the best man to do the job. •

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 注意

: have sth to do ：

have sth to be done •

此时have表示“有”的意思

•

“Tom ,do you have any clothes to be washed ?”

mother asked . •

( 动作的执行者不是主语) •

I am busy , I have some clothes to wash . •

.( 动作的执行者是主语) (5) 作状语,表示目的、原因、结果

Eg.

I came here to see you.

We were very excited

to hear the news.

He hurried to the school

to find nobody there.

注意1：常用only放在不定式前做结果状语，强调意想不到的结果：

only to do :

only to be done •

I visited him only to find him out.

•

I visited him only to be told that he was out 注意2 ：不定式做目的状语放在句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：

•

To save money, every means has been tried. (

) •

To save money, he has tried every means. (

) •

To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. (

) •

To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. (

) 注意3：目的状语还可以用

in order( not ) to , so as ( not ) to 表达

两者的区别：

6)作表语

Eg.

My job is to help the patient

四: 不定式to 的省略

(1)下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to定式省略to 的情况归纳

（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；感觉（feel）

后面的宾补有三种形式

•

hear sb do sth ----(被动形式）

强调：

•

hear sb doing –----(被动形式）

强调

•

hear sb / sth done –----(被动形式）

•

I heard her ____(sing ) an English song just now. •

I heard her ______( sing )an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

•

I heard the English song ____ (sing )many times. •

让某人做某事：

（2）有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。

•

I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. •

— Are you on holiday ? •

No, but I’d like to be. •

—

I didn’t tell him the news.

•

— Oh, you ought to have.

3）动词不定式在介词but, other than(除—都）

后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。

•

We could do nothing but / other than wait. •

We have no choice but to wait. 4）在下列结构后

had better, would rather, would rather…than, cannot but（不得不

）, can’t help but + do

•

why not + do …

表建议

5）

当2个不定式由and / or / rather than 时，第二个不定式的to 可以省略。

•

She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side . •

Do you want to go shopping or watch a film ? 五：不定式在表语形容词之后，不定式多用主动形式，sth + be + adj + to do ( 主动形式表示被动意义)。

•

This book is difficult to understand. 六:疑问词

+ 不定式结构

疑问词（who, which, when, where, how, what等）+ 不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：

•

I didn’t know what to do. (

) •

When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (

) •

My question was how to get so many books. (

) 七:have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have, get 表示“使、让、叫”

•

①

have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”（叫/让某人做某事）。如

•

I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow. •

此外，have sth. done 还表示“使遭受……”之意。如

•

Tom had his leg broken while playing football. •

②

have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事

•

get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来

•

The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. •

The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. •

③

have sb. do sth. /get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事

•

•

•

•

Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me. 九: be said / be reported / believed / considered / thought

+ to do –

to be done

•

to be doing

to have done –to have been done

= It is said / believed / reported / considered / thought that ------- •

据说他正在写一篇小说。

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

He ______________________. He is said to be writing a novel . = It ______________________ = It is that he is writing a novel . 据说他将要写一篇小说。

He ______________________. He is said to write a novel . = The novel _____________.

The novel is said to be written by him . = It ______________________

It is said that he will write a novel . 据说他已经写好一篇小说。

He _____________ He is said to have written a novel . = The novel _____________

The novel is said to have been written by him . =It _______________

It is said that he has written a novel .