Grammar and usage(2): Unreal conditions and things hoped for or desire教学设计和教学实录

Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

Dong Xuehua 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式. 一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等；

一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等

(一)虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中

1．虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用

情况

从句谓语动词

主句谓语动词

与现在

事实相反

过去式(be用were) should/would/could/ might＋动词原形

与过去

事实相反

had＋过去分词

should/would/could/ might have＋过去分词

与将来

事实相反

过去式(be用were) should/would/could/ might＋动词原形

should＋动词原形

were to＋动词原形

If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。

If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off. 要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。

If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你早听了我的建议，你考试就能通过了。

2．虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装

如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。

Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting. 要是他赶上了早晨的火车，那他就不会开会迟到了。

3．错综时间条件句

有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。

If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue now.

如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟。) 4．含蓄条件句

(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。

We wouldn’t have finished the project on time without your timely help.

如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。

(2)用连词otherwise, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. 我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。

(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。

I would have taken part in the sports meeting, but I was ill that day. 我本来可以参加运动会，但是那天我病了。

(二)虚拟语气用于名词性从句中

1．在“It is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/... ＋that ...”句型中，从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。

It’s vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.

在路上开车时认真对待我们的安全非常重要。

2．在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。

I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.

要是他前天和我去海边就好了。

3．句中含有以下单词或其变形时，其后所跟的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。

He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。

[名师指津]

当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。

The man insisted that he had never stolen money. 那个人坚持说他从没有偷过钱。

4．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气

情况

从句谓语动词

与现在事实相反

过去式(be动词一般用were) 与过去事实相反

had＋过去分词

与将来事实相反

would/could＋动词原形

I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 我希望我是一只鸟，能在天空中自由飞翔。

I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday. 我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。

5．as if/though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

as if/though引导的从句中的谓语动词形式及使用情况与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词及使用情况相同。

She looked as if nothing had happened to her. 她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。

[名师指津]

如果从句中描述的为事实或很可能是事实情况，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。

It sounds as if it is raining.

听起来像是在下雨。

(三)2个特定句式中的虚拟语气

句型结构

过去虚拟

现在虚拟

将来虚拟

if only引导的条件句及感叹句

had＋过去分词

过去式(be

would/could/ should/might＋动词原形

It is (high)

time (that) ... 过去式或“should＋动词原形”

If only I had seen the film. 要是我看过那部电影就好了。

It is high time that we should start/started out. 动词一般用were)我们该出发了。

[对点练2]

用所给词的适当形式填空

①We should/could/would/might_be (be) back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map. ②If he had_learnt (learn) about computers, we would have hired him to work here. ③I wish you would/could_come (come) back to Washington with us, but that’s for you to decide. ④We would rather our daughter stayed (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. ⑤It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had_done (do) it?

Let's write a letter ! 儿子:

很奇怪我们之间有那么多误会(misunderstanding)。好像

我们是陌生人一样。我想最大的原因是我对你的学习不太

了解，却要求你达到（meet）我的期望(expectation).

要是我年轻20岁就好了，我多么希望我曾经也有机会在高

中学习。如果有的话，我应该能进入好的大学,现在就不会

如此辛苦工作支持家庭(make a living)了。

如果我是你，我会努力学习，因为高中是努力读书的时候，

这样才能创造一个更好的明天。我建议如果可能的话，我们好

好谈谈。

爸爸

possible version：

Dear son, It is strange that we (should)have so many misunderstandings. It seems as if we were strangers. I think the biggest reason

is that I don’t quite understand your state but demand that you should meet my expectations.

If only I were 20 years younger, and how I wish I once had had the chance to study at high school. If so, I might have entered a university. I wouldn’t be working so hard to make a living.

If I were you, I would study hard, because it is high time that we studied hard in high school

so as to make a better tomorrow. If possible, I suggest that we talk face to face.

Dad！

课堂点评。