Grammar and usage(2): Overview: infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed(I)优秀教案案例

非谓语动词（学生版）

（一）非谓语动词的句法功能：充当除谓语动词以外的各种句子成分

成分类别

主语

宾语

表语

定语

状语

宾补

不定式[(to)+ v]

√

√

√

√

√

√

动名词

[Ｖ-ing]

√

√

√

√

现在分词[Ｖ-ing]

√

√

√

√

过去分词[Ｖ-ed]

（二）非谓语动词的分类，意义，构成：

非谓语构成

形式

时态和语态

否定式

复合结构

特征和作用

to do for sb. to do sth.

具有名词，副词和形不定式

to have done

to be done 在非谓语前

容词to be doing

to have been done of sb. to do sth. 的作用; 在句中做主、宾、to have been doing 加not或never 定、表和状语

具有名词动名词

doing being done 特别注意：

sb. / sb’s doing

的作用;在having done having been done not having 作主语仅用sb’s 句中doing 做主、宾、定和表语

现done; doing

在being done one’s not 分具有副词和分词

having done having been done doing / one’s 形容词的作词

过not having

用; 在句中做去done 定、表、宾补分done 和状语

词

（三）非谓语动词的考点：

Ⅰ、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别

高考题点击：

1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _____ to the notice.

A. angrily pointing

B. and point angrily

C. angrily pointed

D. and angrily pointing 析：两个动作之间用

and 连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用

and 连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故C错。

2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods.

A. seizing, disappeared

B. seized, disappeared

C. seizing, disappearing

D. seized, disappearing

Ⅱ、非谓语动词作主语，注意以下两个重要问题：

第一

是并行结构问题

，即主表一致性

如：Seeing is believing.

第二

需要注意一些结构：

A)

It’s no use (no good) doing sth.

如：It’s no use quarrelling with such a fellow .

B) 在

It’s + adj. 结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：

It’s easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary…) + for sb. to do

It’s kind (nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful,

thoughtless, brave, considerate (考虑周到的),mean(卑鄙的), silly, selfish (自私的) )后加

of sb. to do

Ⅲ、非谓语动词作表语

The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult.

A. not make

B. not to make

C. not making

D. do not make 注意两个问题:

一是并行结构问题

To see is to believe 二是时间问题：一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。

My job is teaching. My dream of life is to become a scientist. 另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。

现在分词说明主语所具有的特征；

过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。

Ⅳ、非谓语动词作定语

高考题点击:

1.The flowers _____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell

B. smelling

C. smelt

D. to be smelt

2. A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night.

A. advised

B. attended

C. attempted

D. admitted

3. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung

B. hanging

C. hangs

D. being hung 非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：

A) 分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；

B) 动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；

C) 不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：

在

ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, power, right , time 等名词后；由序数词,only, last, next 或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语；

I don’t think he is the best man ________(do)the job.

He is always the first / the last one __________ (leave) the office.

D) 表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：

done

表示已经完成的动作

to be done

表示尚未开始的动作

being done

表示正在进行之中的动作

Ⅴ

、非谓语动词作宾语

1. How about the two of us ___ a walk down the garden?

A. to take

B. take

C. taking

D. to be taking 2. I don’t want ___ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.

A. to sound

B. to be sounded

C. sounding

D. to have sounded

3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job.

A. expected

B. to expect

C. to be expecting

D. expects

注意

仅带不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,

refuse, offer,

promise, decide,

determine,

intend, manage,

fail,

hope,

expect,

long,

wish,

tend,

desire,

plan,

pretend, 等；

动词

know, show 等常带疑问词加

to do 作宾语。

在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。

即：consider / feel / think / find / make it n./adj. to do sth.

例如：I found it impossible to finish the work on time. 4. I really appreciate _____ to relax with you on this nice island.

A. to have had time

B. having time

C. to have time

D. to having time

仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：admit advocate(提倡) appreciate，avoid，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse，

prevent，finish，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist，risk，suggest，stand，forgive，keep，allow

permit，forbid，advise等。

但如果在

allow

permit

forbid

advise后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。

在动词

want, need, require, deserve 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于

to be done。

特别注意：

带不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：

remember, forget, regret, try, go on, mean, stop stop to do

停止手中事，去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在做的事

remember/forget/regret to do （指动作尚未发生）

remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）

try to do

（设法，努力去做，尽力）

try doing

（试试去做，看有何结果）

mean to do（打算做，企图做）

mean doing （意识是，意味着）

go on to do（接着做另外一件事）

go on doing（接着做同一件事）

can’t help (to) do

（不能帮忙做）

can’t help doing

（忍不住要做）

5. --- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

--- Well, now I regret _____ that.

A. to do

B. to be doing

C. to have done

D. having done 6. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ___ at the party, but not______ A. to arrive; leaving

B. to arrive, to leave

C. arriving; leaving

D. arriving; to leave 7. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour.

A. waiting

B. to wait

C. wait

D. to be waiting

要特别注意

to 的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。如：

be accustomed to 习惯于，

be used to，stick to，

turn to ，devote oneself to，be devoted to，look forward to，pay attention to,

get down to，contribute to, lead to 等

to 为介词。

8. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _____some schools for poor children.

A. set up

B. setting up

C. have set up

D. having set up 9. --- How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?

--- The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers.

A. to solving … making

B. to solving … made

C. to solve … making

D. to solve … made

Ⅵ

、非谓语动词作宾补

与宾语的逻辑常见动词

关系及时间概例句

念

不定ask, beg, expect, get, 主谓关系。强调The teacher encouraged me to work hard. 式

order, tell, want, wish, 动作将发生或encourage sb.to do sth.

已经完成。

have(让), notice, see, I heard him call me several times. watch, hear, feel, let, Who would you like to have

do the make sb. do sth.

experiment? notice, see, watch, hear, 主谓关系。强调I found her listening to the radio. 现在find, have(让), feel, 动作正在进行，He has the machine running all the time. 分词

keep, leave sb/sth 尚未完成

I won’t have my students

cheating

in the doing/done

exam. (否定句中表“容忍”) 动宾关系。动作We found the village greatly changed. 过去已经完成，多强She was surprised that the washing 分词

调状态

machine she had had repaired went wrong again.

1. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.

A. learn

B. to learn

C. learned

D. learning 2. A computer does only what thinking people _____.

A. have it do

B. have it done

C. have done it

D. having it done 3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year.

A. carry out B. carrying out

C. carried out

D. to carry out 4. The missing boys were last seen _____ near the river.

A. playing

B. to be playing

C. play

D. to play

特别注意：

hope, agree, demand, refuse 等没有宾补。

5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.

A. not to

B. not to do

C. not to it

D. do not to

Ⅶ、非谓语动词作状语

高考题点击：

1. --- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? --- _____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.

A. Get

B. Getting

C. To get

D. To be getting 2. _____ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.

A. To sleep

B. Sleeping

C. Sleep

D. Having slept 3. _____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing

B. Having lost

C. Lost

D. To lose 4. He sent me an E-mail, _____ to get further information.

A. hoped

B. hoping

C. to hope

D. hope 5. He hurried to the booking office only ____ that all the tickets had been sold out.

A. to tell

B. to be told

C. telling

D. told 6. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ______ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.

A. have reached

B. reaching

C. to reach

D. to be reaching 7. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be

done to change it.

A. begins

B. having begun

C. beginning

D. begun 8. Finding her car stolen, _____.

A. a policeman was asked to help

B. the area was searching thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere

D. she hurried to a policeman for help 注意点

注1：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。

9. In order to improve English,

.

A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes

B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself

C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny

D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father

10. Having been attacked by terrorists, ____.

A. doctors cane to their rescue

B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken

D. warnings were given to tourists 注2：

表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。

11. When _______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

A. compared

B. being compared

C. comparing

D. having compared 注3：有时，“with或without + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况。

12. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ______.

A. going on

B. goes on

C. went on

D. to go on 注4:

当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。

例如：Weather permitting, we will go out. = If weather permits , we will go out.

It being Sunday today, the library doesn’t open.

=Because it is Sunday today, the library doesn’t open.

13. ______, the concert began.(A)

A. The listeners having taken their seats

B. Having taken their seats

C. Having taken their places

D. Taking their seats 14. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_____ in a year.

A. follows

B. followed

C. to follow

D. being followed

15. _____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while

to recover from the operation.

A. Given

B. To give

C. Giving

D. Having given

某些固定结构中，分词的逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制，可独立使用，称为独立分词结构或悬垂分词。

这些结构有：

adv. (generally/frankly/personally/honestly/strictly …) +

speaking, …

judging from / by…

从… …判断

considering … / taking…into consideration

supposing /providing / provided that …假如

given sth./ that…

假如，考虑到… …

例如：

Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.

Frankly speaking, I don't like him at all.

某些动词不定式常用作独立副词成分

To make things/matters even worse

To begin with

To tell you the truth

To be honest/ exact / strict / frank

Believe it or not

例如：

To be frank (= Frankly speaking), I don’t like your attitude.

Believe it or not, he left me standing in the rain for nearly half an hour.

Ⅷ、非谓语动词的时态语态

高考题点击：

1.I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go

B. having gone C. going D. to have gone 2. Robert is said _____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying D. to have been studying 3. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything.

A. to tell

B. to be told

C. to be telling

D. to have been told 4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see

B. to be seen

C. seeing

D. seen 5. _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.

A. Exposed

B. Having exposed

C. Being exposed

D. After being exposed 6. _____ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having been shown

B. To be shown

C. Having shown

D. To show

Ⅸ、非谓语动词否定形式: 在非谓语前加not (1) The teacher asked us______ so much noise.

A. don‘t make

B. not make

C. not making

D. not to make (2) ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

A. Not completing

B. Not completed

C. Not having complete

D. Having not completed (3) Victor apologized for _______ to inform me of the change in the plan.

A. his being not able

B. him not to be able

C. his not being able

D. him to be not able

Ⅹ

、动名词的复合结构: sb. / sb’s doing (作主语仅用sb’s doing) （1）It is difficult to imagine his ____the decision without any consideration.

A. accept

B. accepting

C. to accept

D. accepted （2）I really can't understand ____ her like that.

A. you treat

B. you to treat

C. why treat

D. you treating （3）

______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.

A. The president attending

B. The president to attend

C. The president attended

D. The president's attending

Ⅺ、不定式的复合结构

for sb. to do sth.

It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.

There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome.

In order for the patient to be treated at once,they took him to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible. 或：In order to be treated at once, the patient was taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.

His idea is for us to travel in different cars.

of sb. to do sth.

It’s brave _____ into the burning building to save the baby!

A. for him to go

B. for him going

C. of him going

D. of him to go

Ⅻ、there be 的非谓语形式

1) 动词+there to be

/

there being

（作宾语）

如：I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding between them.

我不希望之间有什么误会。

They deny there being any misunderstanding between them.

他们否认他们之间有误解。

I can’t imagine there being so few people in the library.

我无法想象图书馆里人这么少。

2) 介词+there being

（作宾语）

He was surprised at there being so many people waiting there.

他对很多人等在那里感到吃惊。

I have never dreamed of there being a chance of being sent abroad so soon.

我做梦也没想到这么快就有一个被派往国外的机会。

[注意：for there to be ] 常用在It be + adj. for...的结构中

It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．

老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。

（作主语）

It’s too early for there to be anybody up．

太早了，还不会有人起床。(作状语)

3）there being 结构作状语

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．

由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)

There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．

因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)

---We didn’t find the Blacks _______ the lecture.

---No one had told him about _____a lecture the following day.

A. to attend; there to be

B. attending; there being

C. attended; there be

D. attend; there was

不带to 的动词不定式

(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等；但改为被动语态后，应加上to

例：老师常常让我把作文重写。

The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition. →I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition. (2)在except, but, other than 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but, other than 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的动词不定式。即

前有do(“做”) 后无to

熟记：

cannot but /cannot choose but / cannot help but do sth.

can do nothing but do sth.

have no choice/alternative but to do sth.

例：我只好接受他的建议。

I can not but accept his advice.

I can do nothing but accept his advice.

I have no choice but to accept his advice.

I have no desire other than to lead a quiet life, free from anxiety. (3) 在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to

例：Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去？

(4) 由

all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含do或do的形式does/ did时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。

例：All I did was empty the bottle.

我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。

What I wanted to do was drive all night.

我想做的是彻夜开车。

The only thing I could do was do it myself. 我惟一能做的是我自己解决。

(5) 由并列连词and，but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。

例：我想留下和你一起呆着，帮助你并且向你学习。

I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.

她告诉我们呆在家里一直等到她回来。

She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.

注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.

The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.

To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。

非谓语的“有法可依”

第一步：辨别“谓与非谓”

There are nine planets ____ around the sun, and the earth ____ one of them.

Ａ．moving;

being

B.

moving;

is

C.

move;

being

D.

moved;

is

第二步：找非谓语的逻辑主语

作定语时，被修饰的词是逻辑主语

作状语时，句子的主语是逻辑主语

作宾语补足语时，宾语是逻辑主语

第三步：判断语态. 在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语是主谓还是动宾关系。

Finding her car stolen, _______.

A. a policeman was asked to help

B. the area was searched thoroughly C. It was looked for everywhere

D. She hurried to a policeman for help 第四步：分析时态. 根据非谓语自带的时间状语确定时间

The problem____ next is of great importance. The building____ now is our future classroom. The problem____ just now is of treat importance..

A. discussed

B. being built

C. to be discussed 根据上下文的语境确定时间

(1) ---Li Ming is said ____ abroad. Do you know what country

he studied in ?

he will study in?

he studies in?

---Yes, In London.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. to have been studying

(2) With a lot of difficult problems ___, the newly-elected

president

is having a hard time.

felt relaxed.

A. settled

B. settling

C. to settle

D. being settled