Grammar and usage(2): Unreal conditions优秀教学设计

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Grammar and Usage

Step 1: General introduction

The grammar items in this unit focus on unreal conditionals. Unreal conditionals are used to express a condition or situation that is not real or is imaginary. You should pay attention to the forms of the predicate verbs in different tenses when you use sentences in unreal conditionals. You are expected to use unreal conditionals and how to use unreal conditionals correctly.

Step 2: Explanation 1. Read the following sentences.

If my husband hadn’t been caught in the rain, he would not have got a fever. Nothing would have happened to him if hehad not visited his friend on Saturday If I were you, Iwould not have visited the friend on Saturday.

In the above sentences, what has been said is unreal. The verb forms like these can also be called the subjunctive. Can you find out in what cases the unreal conditionals are used?

And can you say the sentences in another way, not using the unreal conditionals?

Sample answers (1) My husband was caught in the rain, so he got a fever. (2) He visited his friend on Saturday, so something happened to him. (3) I am not you, so I visited the friend on Saturday.

2. Read Point 4 to see how to form unreal conditionals of the present, past of future time. Use the three structures to translate some sentences.

(1)

如果我是一个学生，我将更加努力地学习。

(2)

如果你昨天去听音乐会的话，

你将会遇到她了。

(3)

如果明天下雨的话，会议将会推迟。

Sample answers (1) If I were a doctor, I would save her life without hesitation. (2) If you had gone to the concert yesterday, you would have met her.

(3) If it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

3. Please read Point 3 and you will find out only should, were or had can be used in the inversion. Change the following sentences into their normal order and compare the differences between the two types of sentences. (1)

Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go outing. (2) Had you come earlier, you would have met my sister. (3) Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner. Answers (1)

If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go outing. (2)

If you had come earlier, you would have met my sister. (3)

If you were to take the train, you would be there much sooner.

For reference 动词的语气——虚拟语气

一、语气的定义和种类

l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

2、语气的种类：

(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is! 多好的天气啊! (2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。

(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！

二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。) 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

与现在事实相反

从

句

动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）

had + 过去分词

动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形

主

句

would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词

would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

与过去事实相反

与将来事实相反

注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。

l. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿, 一切都没问题了。

2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't

(couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。

3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should

(would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就

(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。

4. 在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：

Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved. Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.

Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

For reference

Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examination: 1．

I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.

(2001全国)

A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left

C. couldn't have left

D. needn't leave 2．—How do you___ we go to Beijing for our holidays?

(2004福建) —I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A. insist

B. want

C. suppose

D. suggest 3. I have lost one of my gloves. I

it somewhere. A. must drop

B. must have dropped C. must be dropping

D. must have been dropped 4. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ___ yesterday. (2006全国I)

A. was happening

B. happens

C. has happened

D. happened 5. _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

A. Would you be

B. Should you be

C. Could you be

D. Might you be Keys: 1-5 BDBDB Step 3: practice 1. Read the dialogue between Ma Li and Ye Fei on page 40 and fill in each blank with the proper verb form. Answers (1)

went

(2) would expect

(3) went

(4) would give

(5) went

(6) would see

(7) did

(8) would be

(9) had traveled

(10) would have found

(11) went

(12) would take

(13) had

(14) would join

(15) would know 2. Read the instructions and the articles on page 41 and underline the sentences which use unreal conditionals. Answers

In my youth, if I could have traveled to another country, I would have, but I had to work, as our family was very poor and needed another wage. That meant I could not finish my education. Ma Li, education is very important. A good education will help you succeed. Should you get into university in the future, you would have to go and take the opportunity. This will enable you to get a good job. Had I had the chance, I would have really enjoyed it. I think I would have studied Medicine. If you should get the chance to go overseas, then you should take it. I think it is very important to try to understand as much about the world as possible and travel helps you to do that. Hopefully you might become a successful business person or a consultant some day. Were you to do that, you would certainly have our approval and we would all be very proud of you. I am an ld man now, but I still have an ambition to travel to Beijing one day. Should I get to Beijing, I would visit the Forbidden City where the emperors once lived. But I wonder, Ma Li, had I had more opportunities when I was growing up, would I have been as happy as I am now?

Step 4: Consolidation I. Multiple choice

1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.

A. knew, would

B. had known, would have sent D. knew, would have sent

C. know, would send 2. Mary is ill today. If she _____, she ____ absent from school.

A. were not ill; wouldn' t be

B. had been ill; wouldn't have been D. hadn't been ill; could be

C. had been ill; should have been

3. If you had enough money, what ________?

A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought

D. will you have bought 4. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.

A. will do

B. would do

A. could tell; if it had been

C. would have done

D. were to do B. must have told; were it D. should have told; should it be B. If you had taken; would make 5. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.

C. should have told; had it been 6. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.

A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made

7. If he_____ , he ______ that food.

A. was warned; would not take

C. Were you lo take; shouldn’ t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

B. had been warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken

C. would be warned; had not taken

A. has come

B. did come

8. I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother. C. came

D. had come C. if she know

D. if she has known B. Should I know, would have rung him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up 9. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.

A. has she known

B. had she known

A. Had I known, would ring him up

10. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.

C. If I knew; would ring him up

II. Translation 1. 如果你听了医生的话，你早就恢复健康了。

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2．如果没有虚拟语气，英语就容易多了。

3．如果她更加努力的话，她就成功了。

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4．万一他不来，你就代替他。

5．

如果我是你，我就不回这个电话。

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6．

如果我的女儿不忙的话，

她就会来帮助你。

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Keys

I.

1—5 BACBC

6—10 ABDBD II.

1. If you had listened to the doctor, you would have already recovered. 2. If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier. 3. If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. 4. Should he not come, you would take his place.

5. If I were you, I wouldn't return the call.

6. Were my daughter not so busy, she would come to help you.