Self-assessment第二课时 公开课

阅读理解之

推理判断

一.推理判断题推断题分类

1. 推断隐含意义

2.推断作者观点或态度

3.推断写作目的

4.推断文章出处

5.推断上下文内容

二. 推理判断题解题思路

1．抓关键词。利用逆向和正向推理，推出隐藏的深层含义；有时需要结合基础知识。

2.结合全文信息，把握作者的“弦外之音”。切忌片面思考，断章取义。

3．利用词汇感情色彩。

4．理清结构细推敲，根据逻辑得结论。

（一）.如何推断隐含意义

1. 问题模式:

It can be inferred from the text that….

From the text we know that ….is most likely

.

What the writer really means is….

The writer suggests that….

The story implies/indicate tha….

We can infer /conclude from the passage that….

这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude,indicate等标志性词语。

2.技巧点拨

1)全面分析

2)忠实原文

3)不要选择表层信息

解题小技巧：

1．严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，切忌掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。

2．如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。

3．如果某选项表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案。

4．如果某个选项所表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。

5．文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(can, should，must，may等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案。

6.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively(过分地)，rather（宁可）等，则常带有否定的意味。

(Question1)

Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two, and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison, or buffalo. At one time, herds of these animals could be sighed almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West.

The author implies that several types of bison______. A. live outside the United States and Canada

B. are well adapted to swampy terrain

C. existed before the Ice Age

D. have been killed or have died out

（二）、如何推断作者观点和态度：

positive积极的，肯定的

negative消极的，否定的

approval赞成的

disapproval不赞成的

objective客观的

subjective主观的

optimistic乐观的

pessimistic悲观的

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indifferent漠不关心的

reserved保留意见的

neutral中立的

critical批评的

doubtful

怀疑的

sarcastic/ironic讽刺的，挖苦的

passive 消极的/被动的

active 积极的/主动的

unbiased无偏见的，公平的

1．The author seems to be in favor of/against ______．

2．The author may probably agree with/support ________．

3．What's the author's opinion about...?

4．In the author's opinion...? 答题小技巧：

1.要么支持，要么反对，带中立色彩的词最不可能。

2.“indifferent” 一定不对。

3.区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度。

4.作者的观点一般与主旨相联系。

5.根据用词褒贬性进行判断。

6.带有强烈感情色彩或者绝对化的词不要选。

7.持有保留态度的选项常常是正确选项.(need further research...)

(Question 2)

Trim points out that.. But she says that the damage may be done much earlier in a woman's life. “It does come about from those early teenage years.” she says. “I think it's impossible to ban a word, but if people are replacing it with words like 'confidence' or 'assertiveness', we would all be in a much better place. ●Q: How does Trim sound when referring to the campaign against “bossy”?

A:objective

B:Angry

C:Doubtful

D:Optimistic.

(Question 3)The theories of modern psychology have stepped in to argue that we must understand the needs of our children. Children are not just small adults; they are children who must be respected as such.Well, you may say, this is as it should be, and a good idea. But think further. What happens? “Education” becomes the responsibility not of teachers, but of psychologists. What happens then?...

●What is the author’s attitude toward the theories of modern psychology?

A. Uninterested

B. Tolerant

C. Satisfied

D. Critical

（三）、如何推断写作目的

1. 问题模式: (1) 考查整篇文章的写作目的

A. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____. B. What is the purpose of writing this article? C. In writing the passage, the author intends to _____. (2) 考查某处细节的写作意图

A. The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.

B. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____. C. …are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.

2. 常见的写作目的归纳

不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种：

(1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑）

常见于故事类的文章。to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience (2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）

常见于广告类的文章。to sell a product or a service; to attract more visitors / readers / audience(inform/persuade) (3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）

2

多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章

。

3. 技巧点拨

(1) 根据文体类别推断写作目的

(2) 从写作手法来推断写作目的

(Question 4) A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. They lived with the man's big family----his parents, his brothers, their wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar.

Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarreled with her husband. Soon the elephant refused to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house.

It went to the woman's home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home.

●The writer wrote the story in order to________.

A. show that elephants are very clever

B. tell how a woman trained a wild animal

C. show that women care more for animals than men do

D. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife

（四）、如何推断文章出处

1. 问题模式: The passage is most likely to be taken from______. Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of ___. 2. 解题技巧

这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1) 报纸

(2)广告

(3)产品说明

(4)网络等

(Question 5)

Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount . For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine. ●This text is most probably taken from a ______.

A. textbook

B. newsreel (新闻影片)

C. doctor’s notebook

D. bottle of medicine

(Question 6)

More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured（受伤）each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window. Wearing a seat belt（安全带）saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.

Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to $ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver's responsibility（责任）to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind.

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However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（发送）or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.

●This text is taken from _____.

A. a medical magazine

B. a traffic police report

C. an advertisement

D. a government information booklet（小册子）

（五）．推断上下文内容 1.问题模式: The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______ The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss ______. 2. 解题技巧

推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理，特别是最后两三句话。

推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。

(Question7)

When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities.

●The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about ____________.

A. fire

B. hunting

C. farming

D. urbanization

三. 总结：

1、推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。

2、推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。

3、推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。

4、推断下文的内容，必须特别关注最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。推断上文的内容，关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。

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