Grammar and usage(1): Unreal conditions and things hoped for or desire第二课时教学设计

虚拟语气

在英文句子中，谓语动词的语气是用来表示说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情等。

英文句子中谓语动词的语气有三种：

A）陈述语气（The Indicative Mood）陈述语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态：

He has published quite a number of essays this year . B) 祈使语气（The Imperative Mood）祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等：

1) Wait outside until you are asked.

2) Let's just take a break, shall we?

C)

虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）

虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气例如：

1)

I wish you were more careful . 2) If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment. 3) Would you mind shutting the door?

虚拟语气是英语语法中的难点。考生应主要掌握虚拟语气在下

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列情况下的用法：

①

虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法；

②

在宾语从句中的用法；

③

在状语从句中的用法；

④

及主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句中的用法；

⑤

在一些特殊句型中的用法等。

用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气几种情况。

条件句分为两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。

非真实条件句即虚拟语气句：

①与现在事实相违背

1) If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match.

（事实是：我没有时间）我要是有时间肯定和你一起打这场网球比赛。

2) If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account. （事实是：我并不是你）我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。

②与过去事实相违背

1) If I hadn't been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.

(事实是：我昨天被某些事缠住了) 我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。

2) If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake. （事实是：他没有听我的建议）

要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。

③与未来事实相违背

1) If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way.

（假设的情况不大可能发生）

要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。

2) Even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage.

（说话人不希望假设的情况发生）

即使他们万一失败，他们也不会泄气。

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熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式：

条件从句

主句

与现在事实过去式（动词是BE用Should/would ...+ 动词原形

相违背

were）

与过去事实had + 过去分词

would/should ...+ have +过去相违背

分词

1) should + 动词原形

与未来事实2) were + to动词原形

would/should/could/might+ 相违背

3) 过去式（动词是Be用动词原形

were）

1. 省略If的几种情况，需要注意以下几点：

情况, 当条件状语从句的谓语部分含有had、should、或were时，就将这样的词had、should、或were搬到句首把句子写成倒装句而将连词if省略。例如：

1) If you were the manager here, what would you do?

=Were you the manager here, what would you do?

2) If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately.

=Should he act like that again, he would be fired immediately.

3) If we had time to spare, we would be glad to go to the park. =Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park.

4) If it were not for the discovery of electricity, the modern world would experience great inconvenience. =Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience.

2．含蓄条件句

有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来替代条件句. (1) 用介词短语替代条件句。常用介词有with, without, but for等

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如：1) We couldn't have succeeded without your help (=if we hadn't got your help). 2) But for the rain(=If it hadn't been for the rain)，we would have finished the work.

3) Without air, there would be no life on the earth.

4) But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned.

5) We could have done the work better in that case.

(2) 用一个副词或连词but / otherwise / or等表示虚拟条件和真实情况交织在一句中如：

1) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or (=If he hadn't telephoned to inform me of your birthday)I would have known nothing about it.

2) There might have been

a terrible accident, but he braked the car before it was too late. = if he hadn’t braked the car before it was too late.

3) He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .（本句中的上下文是：but he just came back from his business trip，表示：要是他在家没出差的话）他本来早就来看你了，可他却出差刚刚回来。

4) But that you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment.

（本句中的上下文是：But that you helped me，表示：要不是有你帮助我）要没有你帮助我，我的试验本做不成功的。

(3) be动词在表示与现在事实相反的从句中一般用were。在非正式情况下，第一、第三人称后偶尔也用was 如：If he were you，he would go at once. (4) 主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would，could以及might可以用于各种人称

(5) 在表示与将来事实相反的条件句中，只能用should，而不能用would，could和might 等

如：If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go camping. (should rain也可以用rained，were to rain代替) (6) 错综时间非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：

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1）If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night. （从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）

2）If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

3) If the boy hadn't been saved this afternoon, his family would not be in peace now.

4) If the machine were in good conditions, we would have used it in our last experiment.

5) If you were to visit Hainan in two days, I could arrange for some of my friends there to meet you at the airport.

★★当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为"错综时间条件句"动词的形式要分别根据它所表示的不同时间作相应的调整。

【练习题

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一、单选题

1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him. A. knew; would

B. had known; would have sent D. knew; would have sent B. had been ill; wouldn't have been D. hadn't been ill; could be

C. know; would send 2. Mary is ill today. If she _____, she ____ absent from school. A. were not ill; wouldn't be C. had been ill; should have been 3. If you had enough money, what ________? A. will you buy

B. would you buy

C. would you have bought

D. will you have bought 4. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way. A. will do

B. would do

A. could tell; if it had been

C. would have done

D. were to do 5. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then. B. must have told; were it D. should have told; should it be 5 C. should have told; had it been

6. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.

A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made 7. ---If he _____, he ______ that food.

A. was warned; would not take

B. If you had taken; would make C. Were you lo take; shouldn’t have made

D. Have you taken; won t have made --- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. B. had been warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken C. came

D. had come C. if she know

D. if she has known C. would be warned; had not taken

A. has come

B. did come

8. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she _____, she would have met my brother. 9. Jane would never have gone to the party ______ that Mary would come to see her. A. has she known

B. had she known

A. Had I known; would ring him up

C. If I knew; would ring him up

Key：

I. Multiple choice

1—5 BACBC

6—10 ABDBD

10. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.

B. Should I know; would have rung him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up

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