Grammar and usage(2): Unreal conditions and things hoped for or desire优秀说课稿

语法专题讲座---虚拟语气

虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。

一、虚拟语气在单句中的用法

常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如：

Long live the People’s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！

be happy!

快乐！

have a good time!

玩得愉快！

May you 祝你

succeed!

成功！

make progress!

进步！

二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法：

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在非真实性条件句与主句中的用法

1）

与现在事实相反

条件从句

一般过去时（be多用于were）

主句

would/should/could/might＋动词原形

If ________________________,I should accept the invitation.

如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。

If_______________________,I would go there. 如果我有时间，我就去那儿。

2）

与过去事实相反

条件从句

过去完成时

主句

would/should/could/might＋have done

If you __________________(come)earlier,you_________________ (miss)the bus.

If he________________(see) you yesterday,he______________(return)your book. 3）

与将来事实相反

条件从句

一般过去时（be多用were）,should do,were to do 主句

would/should/could/might＋动词原形

If it _________________ (rain)tomorrow,the sports meet _____________(put off). If you _________________ (drop)the glass,it_________________ (break). 4）

if的省略

如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should置于句首, 来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。

Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off. Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 5)条件句或主句的省略

当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。例如：

——Why didn’t you attend the party yesterday?

——I____________,but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn’t like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had

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liked it.）

6)混合时间条件句与主句

条件句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。如：

If he hadn’t been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?

If you had reviewed the lesson,you would answer the question now. 7)含蓄条件句与主句

1. 含蓄条件句即用without(＝but for),or(else),otherwise代替if从句。例如：

Without/But for his help,we wouldn’t have made such great progress.

there ___________ ＝If

his help,we wouldn’t have succeeded.

we _____________

2.在as if/as though引导的状语从句中用法：

在as if/as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用倒退一个时间段的方式来表达虚拟语气。例如：The man speaks as if he were a foreigner. He told us a lot about the USA as though he had been there many times. They talked as if they had been good friends for years. 注：as if/as though从句中不一定都要用虚拟语气。如果情况真实性、可能性很大，就要用正常时态来描绘。例如：It is cloudy；it looks as if it is going to rain.

3．在宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句中的用法：

1）

在wish后的宾语从句中的用法：

A．与过去事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“had done”形式。

_____________________________________.要是我昨天的考试及格了该多好。

B．与现在事实相反的愿望：宾从谓语为“did”形式(be动词多用were)。

He wishes he_________________ (be) as clever as you. I wish I _________________ (have) a large room to live in. C．表示将来愿望：宾从谓语用“would/could/might do”形式。

How I wish I _________________ (go)abroad next year! 2)在suggest,propose,advise,demand,request,require,order,insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语为“(should) do”形式。

I suggest/ propose/ demand/ request/ require/ order/ insist that he (should) be sent to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. 3) 在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：在suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, advice等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语用“(should) do”形式。例如：

My suggestion is that we ____________(help) the other groups. He gave an order that the work ____________(do) at once. 4)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”结构中，that从句的谓语多用一般过去时。

_________________________________________.他该开始了。

5)在would rather＋that从句结构中，与现在和将来相反，从句的谓语为“did”形式(be动词多用were)；与过去事实相反的愿望，从句的谓语为“had done”形式。

6)在“It is

natural/necessary/important/strange/essential＋that从句”结构中,宾语从句中的谓语为“(should) do”形式。

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7)if only 引导的特殊句式中，所用虚拟语气的时态与wish后所用时态的情况相同，

即用于if only+句子=How I wish +that从句。如：

If only I were a flying bird!= How I wish I were a flying bird! 我要是一只飞鸟该多好啊！

If only I had seen the film! = How I wish I had seen the film!我要是看了那部电影多好啊！

Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.

1.You didn’t let me drive. If we__________________ (drive) in turn, you ________________(not get) so tired. 2. _______it________(not be) for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.

3. If I _____________(have) more time now，I _____________(study) German. 4. ____________it __________(rain) tomorrow, the match would be called off. 5. Most of the students felt rather disappointed at the English party. They said that it ________________________(organize) better. 6.She doesn’t want to work at once because she thinks that if __________________(get) a job, she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

7. Much labour would have been saved if electronic computer ___________________ (invent) before. 8. —Well done, Jack！

—Thanks. But given more time, I___________________(do) it better. 9. How I wish I ___________________(listen) to my parents’advice! 10.Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ___________________(follow) your advice!

Ⅱ.Multiple choices. 1.— Alice,why didn’t you come yesterday?

— I ______,but I had an unexpected visitor.

A.had

B.would

C.was going to

D.did 2. If there were no subjunctive,English ______ much easier.

A.will be

B.would have been

C.could have been

D.would be 3. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules.

A.obeys

B.obey

C.will obey

D.would obey 4. I wish I ______ you yesterday.

A.seen

B.did see

C.had seen

D.were to see 5. —If he ______ ,he______that food.

— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

A.was warned；would not take

B.had been warned；would not have taken

C.would be warned；had not taken

D.would have been warned；had not taken

6.Without electricity human life ______ quite different today.

A.is

B.will be

C.would have been

D.would be 7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it ______.

A.breaks

B.has broken

C.were broken

D.had been broken 8. You didn’t let me drive.If we ______ in turn,you ______ so tired.

A.drove；didn’t get

B.drove；wouldn’t get

C.were driving；wouldn’t get

D.had driven；wouldn’t have got

9. I didn’t see Tom at the party.If he______, he would have said hello to me.

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A.would come

B.had come

C.came

D.did come 10. ______ it ______ for your help,I couldn’t have made any progress.

A.Had;not been

B.Should;not be

C.Did;not be

D.Not;be 11. Mr Smith was badly ill,or he ______ our dinner party. A.should come to

B.would have attended

C.would come to

D.should have attended 12. Everything

if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.

A.will be destroyed

B. will have been destroyed

C. would be destroyed

D. would have been destroyed 13.

The business is risky. But _______ , we would be rich.

A. should we succeed

B. we should succeed

C. might we succeed

D. would we succeed 14. What would have happened, ________, as far as the river bank?

A. Bob had walked farther

B. if Bob should walk farther

C. had Bob walked farther

D. if Bob walked farther 15. I ______ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then. A. would lend

B. would have lent

C. could lend

D. may have lent 16. ______ today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Was he leaving

B. If he leaves

C. Were he to leave

D. If he is leaving 17. Supposing this ship ______, do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers? A. were to sink

B. has sunk

C. was sinking

D. sunk 18. I don’t think he’ll attend the party, and ______ he attend it, what would he wear?

A. were

B. had

C. did

D. should

19. —My boss often made me work day and night.

—If I ______ you, I ______ the job. A. am, will give up

B. had been, would have given up C. were, would give up

D. had been, would give u 20. —You can ask your brother for help.

—

He isn’t at home. If he ______, I ______. A.were, would

B. is, would

C.

is, will

D. were, will 21. They _______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.

A.will

B.can

C.must

D.should 22. — I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.

— How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _______ it.

A.will have stolen

B. might have stolen

C.should have stolen

D. must have stolen 23. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he _______ it differently.

A. could express B.would express

C.could have expressed

D.must have expressed

24. I _______ sooner but I didn’t know they were waiting for me.

A.had come

B.was coming

C.would come

D.would have come 25.Don’t you think it essential that every resident of Nanjing _______ spare no effort to make contributions to Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games? A.should

B.will

C.shall

D.would

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