Grammar公开课教案

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Period 2: Grammar—Adverbial clauses: having (done); verbs followed by –ing or the infinitive with to

Objectives

To learn to use adverbial clauses: having (done); verbs followed by –ing or the infinitive with to

Procedures

▇ Learning to use the perfect participle

What is the perfect participle? The perfect participle indicates completed action. You form the perfect participle by putting the present participle having in front of the past participle. For example: having done, having finished, ... Now try to change as many sentences from thee text into sentences with the perfect participle as possible. 1.

Having eaten

a small supper, I remember the first time I met Roy.

2.

Having told a joke, Roy was helped to stand in the centre of a group of boys. 3.

Having reached the final line, everyone burst out laughing.

4.

Having been laughed at, I thought to myself, “I have to do it again.”

5.

Having been offered a better job in London, I moved with my whole family to London. 6.

Having lost all my old friends, I felt shy and lonely at my new school.

7.

Having invited me to join his particular group，Xiao Li started making dinner for his father. 8.

Having got to know him better, I decided to become good friends with Roy. 9.

Having started to trust each other, we could talk about personal matters, things that were important to us. 10.

Having been in the same class for five years, we got married last Sunday. 11.

Having been knocked over by a car, he was rushed to hospital close to the center of the city. 12.

Having run out of the money, the family had to move to a much smaller house in order to manage financially. 13.

Having always been very close to his father, Roy changed completely, becoming silent and

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moody.

14.

Having always been a clever, hard-working student, he seemed to lose all interest in his work.

15.

Having lost all his friends, Roy behaved strangely. 16.

Having played football together after school, we went swimming at the sea. 17.

Having left something in the cloakroom, I went inside to get it, and found Roy going through the pockets of people's coats.

18.

Having turned round, I walked out without saying a word.

19.

Having started avoiding me, my girl friend refused to see me any more. 20.

Having had all my money disappearing from my pocket, I started wondering if the thief was Roy. ■Learning about verbs followed by –ing or the infinitive with to

Infinitive or -ing? Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its: -ing form (doing, singing) or infinitive form (to do, to sing).

For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one? I dislike working late. (???)

I dislike to work late. (???)

When to use the infinitive The infinitive form is used after certain verbs: - forget, help, learn, teach, train - choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like - agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend - allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse I forgot to close the window.

Mary needs to leave early.

Why are they encouraged to learn English?

We can't afford to take a long holiday.

The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example:

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- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised I was happy to help them.

She will be delighted to see you.

This includes too + adjective: The water was too cold to swim in.

Is your coffee too hot to drink?

The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough: He was strong enough to lift it.

She is rich enough to buy two. When to use -ing The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause: Swimming is good exercise.

Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.

The -ing form is used after a preposition: I look forward to meeting you.

They left without saying "Goodbye."

The -ing form is used after certain verbs: - avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practise I dislike getting up early.

Would you mind opening the window? ■Verbs followed by the -ing form We delayed launching the product because of technical problems. I look forward to meeting you again next week. ＊avoid

＊can't help

＊can't stand

＊carry on

＊consider

＊delay

＊deny

＊dislike

＊enjoy

＊finish

＊involve

＊justify

＊like

＊look forward to*

＊mind

＊miss

＊postpone

＊practise

＊put off

＊risk

＊suggest

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In the expression look forward to, the word to is a preposition. Prepositions (e.g. in, on, at, with, from) are always followed by the -ing form rather than the infinitive. ■Expressions + -ing: It's not worth repairing the machine. It would be cheaper to buy a new one. ＊It's a waste of time/money ...

＊There's no point (in) ...

＊It's no use ...

＊It's (not) worth ...

■Verbs followed by to + infinitive I have arranged to meet the visitors at the factory. 第

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﹡afford

﹡agree

﹡arrange

﹡attempt

﹡claim

﹡decide

﹡demand

﹡deserve

﹡expect

﹡fail

﹡guarantee

﹡hesitate

﹡hope

﹡learn

﹡manage

﹡neglect

﹡offer

﹡plan

﹡prepare

﹡pretend

﹡promise

﹡refuse

﹡seem

﹡tend

﹡threaten

﹡train

﹡want

﹡would like 第

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