Grammar and usage(1): Unreal conditions and things hoped for or desireppt配用优秀教学设计

词汇和语法

词汇1.challenging

adj. 富有挑战性的

【教材原句】It is a challenging profession. 这是一份富有挑战性的职业。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1. Teaching young children is a challenging and rewarding job.

____________________ 2. He challenged me to play another tennis game.

____________________ 3. The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next few years.

___________________ 1. 一项既有挑战性，又有意义的工作；

2.挑战我；

3.迎接挑战

【拓展】

challenge vt. 意为__________ 挑战

n. ______________

挑战，（比赛等的）提议

【搭配】

raise to/ meet a challenge _____________________

迎接挑战

a challenge to sb

_____________________

对某人来说是一个挑战

face/ accept a challenge _______________________

面对/ 接受挑战

学法点拨：challenge 用作动词时是及物动词，直接跟宾语。类似用法的动词还有：address (向...发表演说)；

brief(向...作简要介绍)。

E.g.

He addressed an audience of 10,000supporters. 他向一万名支持者发表了演说。

词汇2.figure out 计算出，弄懂，弄明白

【教材原句】He is always working in his lab, trying to figure out all the mysteries that make him puzzled. 他一直都在实验室里工作，努力弄明白所有那些让他迷惑的奥秘。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1. They can’t figure out how much money will be needed to push ahead with the project. _______ 2. I can’t figure out how he succeeded in finishing his work in such a short time. _____________ 1.

计算出；

2. 琢磨不出

【链接】

figure sb to be _______________

料想某人是

figure in ______________把...考虑在内

figure on ________________

预料到，计划

be good at figures _____________ 擅长计算

have / keep a good figure ________________有/ 保持好身材

词汇3. burn out 耗尽，筋疲力尽；烧坏，烧掉，烧尽

【教材原句】I’m totally burnt out. 我完全累垮了。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

If he works so hard regardless of his health, he will be in danger of burning himself out. _____ 2.

The hotel was completely burnt out.

_____________________ 1.

把他自己累垮；

2.烧毁了

【链接】

burn up ____________被烧毁，被烧掉（通常指烧掉除建筑物以外的东西）

burn away _____________烧掉，烧光

burn down _______________烧毁

burn...to the ground ________________把..烧为平地

burn with anger ___________怒火中烧

burn off _______________ 烧掉，消耗掉

burn one’s bridge/ boats _________________破釜沉舟

误区警示：burn up, burn away, burn down 这三个短语既可以用作及物动词短语，也可以用作不及物动词短语；但burn off 一般只用作及物动词短语

词汇4. relation n. [U] (人或事物之间的)联系，关联，关系；[C] (人、团体，国家之间的)关系，联系

【教材原句】Public Relations Manager 公关部经理

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

The cost of this project bears no relation to the results. _______________________ 2.

Relations between the two countries have improved recently. ___________________ 1.此项目的费用与其成果不相称；

2.两国之间的关系

误区警示：relation 作“国家、公司、组织等之间的正式关系，人或团体之间的关系”讲解时常用复数形式

【拓展】

in relation to (= about ) ___________________ 相对某事物而言，关于某事物

E.g. This month’s production of that factory has decreased in relation to last month’s.

【链接】

relate vt. 把...联系起来

vi.有关，涉及（常与介词to连用）

relate...to/ with __________________ 把....与...联系起来

be related to _____________________ 与...有关系

E.g. 1. I can’t relate what he does to what he says.

2. The breakthrough in cloning that scientists have made is related to their hard work.

词汇5. Follow in one’s footsteps 效仿某人；继承某人的事业，步某人的后尘

【教材原句】...but this does not mean that we should follow in his steps.

但这并不意味着我们应效仿他们。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

Your brother committed a crime. You shouldn’t follow in his steps.

____________________ 2.

She works in education, following in her father’s footsteps.

____________________ 1.

你不应该步他后尘；

2. 继承父业

【链接】

as follows _________________ 如下

follow the fashion _______________赶时髦

follow the rule ______________ 遵循这条规则

it follows that... _____________

其结果是

follow one’s advice ____________ 听从某人的忠告

误区警示：

注意下面句子中的followed与following的不同：

1. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. 那位老师走进教室，后面跟着他的学生。

2. The teacher entered the classroom, following his students. 那位老师跟在他的学生后面走进教室。

词汇6. majority n. 大多数，过半数

【教材原句】I am sure that if you conducted a survey among UK citizens, it would show that the majority of people would not support this type of scientific research.

我敢确定如果你在英国民众中作调查，调查将显示大部分人不支持这种科学研究。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

Among the members of the committee those who favour the proposed changes are in the majority.

_________________ 2.

The majority of people believe smoking is harmful to health.

__________________ 3.

The majority is / are doing its/ their best to help solve the problem of climate change. _______ 1.

占大多数；

2.大多数人；

3.多数人

【搭配】

be in the/ a majority ______________构成大部分，大多数

学法点拨：the majority of 后跟名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数；后跟单数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数；

the majority 单独作主语，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，谓语动词用复数

【链接】

minority n. 少数，少数民族，少数派

be in the/ a minority ____________ 占少数，成为少数派

词汇7. in summary 总的来说，概括起来

【教材原句】In summary, I insist that you take the opinions of the people of the UK in to consideration, and end this practice immediately.

总的来说，我坚决主张你应该考虑英国人民的意见，立即结束这种做法。

【例句研读】

1.

In summary, your error of judgment led to the failure of investment.

【链接】

give/ make a summary (of)_________________ 做（...的）摘要

to sum up

(=in sum)_________________ 总体来说

a small/ large sum of money ______________一小笔/ 一大笔钱

take... Into consideration

把...考虑在内

【链接】

under consideration ________________在考虑中，在研究中

in consideration of

________________ 考虑到，顾及

consider....as _________________

把...看做...

consider doing sth

________________考虑做某事

consider sb. / sth.(to be)+ adj./ n. _______________________认为某人/ 某物（是）...

E.g. 1. I always take fuel consumption into consideration when buying a car.

2.When the developing economy, we have to take environmental protection into consideration.

词汇8. reliable adj. 可靠的，可信赖的

【教材原句】Through cloning, we can thus make sure that we will have a reliable supply of high-quality food for years to come.

通过克隆，我们可以确保在未来几年内我们会有可信赖的，高质量的食物供应。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

He won’t let you down, he’s reliable.

________________________

2.

The engine’s performance is not very reliable. _____________________ 3.

Our information comes from a reliable source. _____________________ 1.

他不会让你失望，他值得信赖；

2.这台发动机的性能不是很稳定；

3.我们的消息来源可靠

【链接】

rely on/ upon 信赖（后若接that 从句，则要先加it.）

词汇9. Brief adj. 短暂的，简短的

【教材原句】For example, cloned animals are not very healthy-they nearly always live brief, painful lives compared with ordinary animals.

例如，克隆出来的动物不是很健康，它们几乎总是活得很短暂，很痛苦。

【拓展】

To be brief ______________简明扼要地说

in brief _______________简单地说，简言之

E.g. 1. To be brief, he was happy with the result.

2. In brief, he is no longer a stranger here.

【单词积累】

briefly adv. 简洁地，简要地，短暂地，暂时地

词汇10. confirm v. 证实，证明，确认

【教材原句】Therefore, we cannot confirm that food from cloned animals is really safe for human to eat.

因此，我们不能证明人们食用由克隆动物产出的食物是真正安全的。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

What you have said confirms my opinions.

______________________ 2.

Has everyone confirmed that they’re coming?

_______________________ 3.

It has been confirmed that the 31st Olympic Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro. _________

1. 证实了我的看法；

2. 他们是不是每个人都确认过一定会来？

3. 已经确定

【搭配】

confirm sth. ______________证明/ 确认某事

confirm that... ________________证实

It has been confirmed that ___________________ 已经确定

词汇11. in favour of 赞成，支持

【教材原句】Would anyone say that development should be stopped in favour of nature? 有人会说难道为了保护自然就应该停止经济发展吗？

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

It strikes me that nobody is in favour of the changes. _____________________ 2.

In summary, I’m in favour of the proposal.

______________________ 1.

支持这些改变；

2.我赞成这个提议

【链接】

be in / out of favour (with sb)______________________(不)受(某人)赏识的，(不)受(某人)欢迎的

in one’s favour ________________ 有助于某人，对某人有利

do sb. a favour/ do a favour for sb ____________________帮某人忙

do sb. a favour to do sth. _________________________帮助某人做某事

win one’s favour _____________________赢得某人的好感

find favour with sb. _________________

得宠于某人，受某人青睐

ask a favour of sb. _______________请某人帮忙

ask sb. a favour ____________请某人帮忙

E.g.

1. Could you do me a favour to tell Kelly I can’t make it?

2. The idea may find favour with old people.

词汇12. From the point of view of sb. (=from one’s point of view)

依照某人的观点，根据某人的观点

【教材原句】From the point of view of some people, we are only doing what humans have always done, using nature to meet our own needs.

根据有些人的观点，我们只是在做人类一直在做的事情，利用自然满足我们自己的需求。

E.g. From my point of view, the theory that was put forward by the scientist is not quite scientific.

【链接】

to the point ___________恰当，中肯

off the point ____________ 离题

to the point of (doing) sth. ______________达到某种程度

be on the point of doing sth. When ...___________________正要做某事，这时...

There is no point (in) doing ______________________做...没有意义

in one’s opinion/ view ___________________在某人看来

E.g. You can stick to your own point of view, but in my opinion, it’s not worth the effort you will make.

Meet one’s needs (=meet the needs of sb./ satisfy one’s needs) 满足某人的需要

E.g. 1. The government is trying to meet people’s needs.

2. The charity exists to meet the needs of elderly people.

词汇13. frighten vt. / vi (使某人) 感到恐惧，使害怕，惊吓

【教材原句】While many people are excited about these new technologies, these same technologies frighten others.

当许多人为这些新技术兴奋不已时，这些同样的技术也让其他人害怕。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

We were frightened by the cloned monster.

________________________ 2.

The children’s shouts frightened off the birds.

________________________ 3.

He frightened me into keeping silent.

________________________ 4.

He drove at a speed which frightened Laura to death.

________________________ 1.

我们被那头克隆的怪物吓坏了；

2.吓跑了鸟；

3.恐吓我要我保持沉默；

4.让劳拉吓得要死

【搭配】

frighten away/ off ______________________将（人或动物）吓跑

frighten sb. into/ out of doing sth ____________________吓得某人做/ 不敢做某事

frighten ab. To death ____________________ 把某人吓得要死

误区警示：frightening adj. 令人惊恐的，表示使人产生惊恐的感觉，常用来修饰事物；frightened adj. 受惊吓的，害怕...的，常用来修饰人，表示自身感到惊恐

词汇14. have an effect on 对...产生影响/ 起作用

【教材原句】No one knows what effects the GM material might have on the food chain. 没有人知道转基因物质会给食物链带来什么影响。

【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

Poor nutrition will have a bad effect on your health.

_____________________ 2.

My point of view has an effect on his choice of profession.

_____________________ 1.

产生不好的影响；

2.影响

学法点拨：在短语have an effect on 中，effect 前面可以加一些修饰语，on 也可以用upon替换。如：have a good/ bad effect on 对....有...好/ 坏的影响；

have little/ no/ a great effect on 对...几乎没有/ 没有/ 有很大的影响，

have a positive effect on

对...有积极影响

【链接】

come into effect ________________生效，实行

be of no effect _________________无效

take effect __________________生效，起作用

in effect

_____________实际上，事实上

carry/ put / bring..into effect ____________________实施

have a strong influence on ______________________对...产生强大的影响

误区警示：effect 作名词讲时，意思是“结果，效果，作用，影响”；作动词讲时，意思是“招致，实现，达到（目的等）”。affect 是动词，意思是“影响，感动”，往往指不好的影

响

Many parents lack confidence in their ability to effect change in their children’s behavior.

许多父母对自己是否有能力让子女的行为产生变化缺乏信心。

Slowing exports will affect domestic spending.

减少出口会影响国内消费。

词汇15. permission n. 许可，准许，批准

【教材原句】...many countries have hesitated to give permission for the production of GM foods... ...许多国家在是否允许生产转基因食品的问题上犹豫不决... 【例句研读】翻译下列句中划线部分

1.

Genetically modified soybean mustn’t be imported without permission.

_______________ 2.

On the one hand, I was admitted into the lab, but on the other hand, I couldn’t walk around without my teacher’s permission.

________________ 3.

I’d like to talk to your son alone with your permission.

________________ 4.

We can’t go out without our teacher’s permission.

________________ 5.

You’ll have to get permission from your parents if you want to come.

________________ 6.

Tommy asked for permission to go to the bathroom.

________________ 1.

未经许可；

2. 未经老师允许;

3. 如您同意；

4.未经老师同意；

5. 得到你父母的同意；

6.询问

【拓展】

with/ without one’s permission ___________________在某人的许可下/ 未经某人的许可

get one’s permission ___________________得到某人的许可ask for one’s permission _______________请求某人的允许

二、重点语法

1. 动词-ed形式（过去分词）的句法功能

（1）作定语

动词-ed形式作定语,表示动作或是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。

注意：其逻辑主语就是被其所修饰的名词。及物动词的-ed形式作定语表示被动，不及物动词的-ed 形式作定语表示动作完成。

Dolly the sheep is the world’s first cloned mammal.__________

We should drink boiled water._________

A water and soil conservation project set up in 1989 resulted in farmers replacing their crops with trees or grass.______ The carbon produced when we breathe is much less than that produced by cars.________ There are some fallen leaves on the ground. ________

学法点拨：单个的动词-ed形式作定语，往往放在被修饰的名词之前；动词的ed形式短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。

Because of pollution,the caught fish were not fit to eat. （2）作表语

动词-ed形式作表语，表示主语的性质、特征或状态。动词-ed形式作表语，被动意为很弱，主要表示动作的完成和状态。此时相当于一个形容词，常不跟by短语。

The glass is broken.__________

Our classroom is crowded.

_________ The ground is covered with snow.________

学法点拨: 表示人的心理情绪变化的（surprised,disappointed,delighted,excited,pleased等）及其他形式（dressed,drunk,devoted,lost,known,married,bent,recovered,separated等）常可以作表语表示状态。其中有些只表示状态，毫无被动意义。

My grandfather was delighted to see hear I overcame the difficulty.________

Those days are passed and gone._______ He is dead drunk. ________ 误区警示：被动语态的过去分词，被动意义很强，句子主语为动作的承受着，后接by+动作执行者。

The new tissues and organs are used to cure diseases by doctors. A great number of trees were planted by volunteers to stop the wind from blowing the soil away.

（3）作宾语补足语

动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间是被动关系。

The villagers had many trees planted then._______ In the morning people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely

changed.________

学法点拨：

能用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的动词大致分为三类：

（1）make,have,let get, keep等使役动词，此类动词最为广泛。

We need to

get

the machine

repaired

at once as we want to use it in our experiment tomorrow. The thief kept his money hidden in his shoes.________ (2)

see,hear,feel等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。

The mother can’t stand seeing her baby left alone at home._________ (3)

like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令的词。

The manager doesn’t like such questions discussed at the meeting._________ 链接：

With复合结构：

由with+宾语+非谓语动词、介词短语、形容词或副词

组成。当宾语补足语是动词-ed形式时，表示宾语和宾语补足语之间是被动关系。With复合结构通常在句子中作状语，也可以

作定语，修饰前面的名词。

With all the work done,we went to play basketball.____________________ The fellow stood there with his hands crossed._____________________________ The farmers have a good harvest with all the crops got in._________________________ With a lot of work to do,she doesn’t have time to go to the cinema._____________________ With the good teacher teaching us English,we had no trouble passing the exam._____________________ Do you know the man with a book in his hand?____________________________ Throw away the container with its cover sealed._____________________________ (4)

作状语

动词-ed 形式作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，和主语时被动关系。动词ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件等。

1）作时间状语：

Seen from the moon,the earth,with water covering about 70% of its surface,appears to be a blue ball.______________ 2)

作原因状语

Frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night,the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone in her room._________________ 3)

作条件状语

Given a chance,I would prove myself._________________________ 4)

作伴随状语

The boy sat at the table buried in his homework._______________________ 链接：

独立主格结构：当动词-ed形式作状语时，前面在加逻辑主语，句子的主语就不再是动词-ed形式的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的动词-ed形式实际上属于独立主格结构。

The signal given,the bus started.__________________ Her head held high,she went by.________________-

2.动词-ed形式与从句转换。

动词ed形式作状语可以转换成相应的状语从句：

1)与时间状语从句的转换：

When given a medical examination(= When you are given a medical examination),you should keep calm.______________ 2)与原因状语从句转换

Depressed (=Since he was depressed),he went to see his elder sister.__________________________ 3)与条件状语从句转换

Grown in rich soil(=If they are grown in rich soil),these seeds can grow fast.____________________

误区警示：动词-ed形式作伴随状语，可以转换成并列谓语或者并列句

They came in,followed by some children.(=They came in and were followed by some children ) 3.在描述人或物时，动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式的区别。

动词-ing形式与中心词构成主动关系，即“令人有某种感觉”

动词-ed形式含有被动意味，即“人被引起某种感觉”

如：He was deeply moved by the moving story.______________________________