Grammar第二课时 公开课

Module 3 Interpersonal Relationship — Friendship

Subject：

Teacher：

I.

Teaching Content 1.

Adverbial Clauses: having done

2.

Verbs followed by –ing or the infinitive with to

II.

Teaching Objectives

1.

To help students master adverbial clauses with having done

2.

To enable Ss to use the knowledge of this grammar correctly and properly.

3.

Stimulate students’ interest in learning grammar. 4.

Develop students’ sense of group cooperation and teamwork. III.

Teaching Key Points and Difficult Points 1.

To get the ss to master the structure and usages of the grammar 2.

To enable Ss to use the knowledge of this grammar correctly and properly.

3.

To deal with questions of nonfinite verbs correctly.

IV.

Teaching Knowledge

Type of Lesson: Class：

Time：

Date：

不定式、分词作状语用法要点

一、不定式作状语

He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)

They went there to visit their teacher.（表目的He woke up only / just to find everybody gone.（表示结果）

My grandmother lived tothe liberation of China.（表示结果）

在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：

I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。

I am so sorry to hear your mothill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。

在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：

He was too excited not to say a few words. 他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。

He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。

She is too tired to do the job. 她累而不能做那件工作了。

注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to 或so as to +词原形。so as to 不用于句首。

He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。

To look at hyou would like him. (表条件) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing abit. (修饰全句，独立成分) 二、分词作状语

1．分词作状语形式的选择

形式

V + ing (doing) 发生，或基本上同时发生。

having + V + ed 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生(having done) V + ed (done) being + V + ed (being done)

意义

与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时生，一般作原因状语置于句首。

having been + V +ed与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发(having been done) 2．分词作状语的基本原则

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。

分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作语。

3．分词作状语的句法功能

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：

Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间) Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间) Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因) Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件) The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步) The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况) 4．独立成分作状语

有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

Generally speaking … 一般说来

Frankly speaking … 坦白地说

Judging from … 根据……来判断

Considering … 考虑到……

To tell you the truth … 说实话

不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点

一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, opromise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help

此外，afford, strive 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：

①

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. ②

We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

③

In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state – run compaare striving to make their products more competitive.

二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意逃亡。

consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, faavoid, miss, keep / keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mallow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk

此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, attention to, can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /htime (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。

①

The squirrels was lucky that if just missed being caught.

②

I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocena in five days.

③

I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上区别，要特别注意。

1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事

forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事

remember to do sth. 记住去做某事

remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事

regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事

stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事

stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情

try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事

try doing sth. 尝试着做某事

mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事

go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=gowith sth.) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某例如：

①

She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the pa②

— The light in the office is still on.

— Oh, I forgot to turn it off.

③

— I usually go there by train. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

— Why not try going by boaa change? ④

— You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

— Well, now I rehaving done that.

2．动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

I’d like to go swimm

this weekend.

3．在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：

allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.

allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth如：We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

4．动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾补足语。即：

need / require / want doing / to be done

need / require / want sb. to do sthbe worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)

be worth doing

be worthy of being done

be worthy of + n. 值得……

be worthy todone

如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.

The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.

窗户需要擦一下。

The place is worth visiting.

The place is worthy of a visit.

The place is worthy of being visited.

The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去。

如：①

only one of these books is worth reading.

②

— What do you think of the book ?

—

Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a sectime.

四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时，前面常带wh –

引导词。即how, wwhether, where, when, who 等

+ to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。

注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从例如：

He showed us how to do the work. (= He showed us how we should do the work.) I don’t know what to do. (= I don’t know what I’ll do.)

Can you tell me why do it? 五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do 的种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, chelp but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：

We could do nothing but / other than wait.

We had nothing to do but / other than waWe have no choice but to wait.

I can’t choose but laugh. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

非谓语动词解题思路

非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，学生常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。我们先来看看非谓语动词的种变化形式。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。

一、分析句子结构

1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it . 2. ________many times, he still couldn't understand it. A. Having been told

B. Told

C. He was D. Though he had been told

3. ________to the left, you'll find the post office.

4. If you ________to the left, yofind the post office. 5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .

A. Turning

B. To C. Turn

D. Turned 分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子成分，故选句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。

句3. 同句2，选A 。

句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成从句谓语。

句5. 同句1，选C。

二、分析逻辑主语

确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。

1. ________no buses, we have to walk home. A. There being

B. It were

C. There were

D. It being

2. ______Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home . 分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“there”，故A 。

句2. 同理选D。

三、分析语态

分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主还是被动关系。

1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .

2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .

A. Seen

B. SeC. To see

D. See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句的主语。

分析：句1. “地球”被“看起来”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。

句2. 我们“主动看……”即表主动，故选B。

3. The dirty clothes ______ , the girl hung them up outside . 4. ______ the dirty clothes, the girl hung them up outside. A. was washed

B. washed

C. were washed

D. having washed 分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是“the dirty clothes”，和词搭配表示“衣服被洗”，故选B。

句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语“the girl”，表示“女孩洗衣服”，为主动关系，故选D四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态1. The building ______now will be a restaurant . 2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant . 3. The building ______last year is a restaurant. A. having been built

B. to be bC. being built

D. built 句1中

now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。

句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。

句3中

last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语故用过去分词，选D。

又如：

1. He stood there ______for his mother . 2. ______for two hours , he went away .

A. waiting

B. to wait

waited

D. Having waited

句1表示“站在那等”，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。

句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词“went away ”之前，故用完成式，选需要注意的是，非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目，要认清否定形式，非谓语动词否定都应将not 放在前面。

V.

Teaching Reflection