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语法小专题

独立主格结构

①

I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ___ in a year.

(05

湖南) A. follows

B. followed

C. to follow

D. being followed ②

___ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her docter’s help to end her life.

(05 江西) A. Having given up hope of cure

B. With no hope for cure

C. There being hope for cure

D. In the hope of cure

③

The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts,the most recent ____ at the end of last March.

(07 山东) A. has been launched

B. having been launched

C. being launched

D. to be launched

④

John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work____, he gladly accepted it.

(07

安徽) A. finished

B. finishing

C. having finished

D. was finished

⑤

---Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

--- Sorry, with so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down. (07 福建) A. filled

B. filling

C. to fill

D. being filled

⑥

The children went home from the grammer school, their lessons ___ for the day.

(07 重庆) A. finishing

B. finished

C. had finished

D. were finished

⑦

Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions_____?

(09 海南) A. taking

B. take

C. taken

D. to take

⑧

You have no idea how she finished the relay race ___ her foot wounded so much.

(08 福建) A. for

B. when

C. with

D. while

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，有时也居句尾，表示伴随情况时，常居句尾。分词的独立结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+ 分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在独立结构中，分词的逻辑主语可以是动作的执行者，也可以是分词动作的承受者，可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词，还可以是分词的完成式或被动式。

※ 构成

一、逻辑主语+现在分词 这种结构表主动意义。例如：

1）Mary coming back, they discussed it together. 玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。

= When Mary came back……

时间

2）All going on well, the project will be finished in five months. 一切进展顺利的话，这项工程在5个月内完成。

= If all goes on well……

条件

3）_____________________________, the meeting was closed.

没有人再要说什么，会议就结束了。

= Since nobody had any more to say……

4) ____________ the case, we’d better make another plan.

A. That is

B. That being

C. Since that

D. Since that being

二、逻辑主语+过去分词 这种结构表被动意义。

1）

This done, they went home.

这个做完后，他们就回家了。

= When this was done….

时间

2)

The table set, they began to dine.

桌子摆好后，他们开始用餐。

= When the table was set….. 3)

____________________, I will earn more money than all of you.

运气好的话，我挣的钱比你们所有的人会多。

= If good luck is given….

=___________________________

条件

4）

He was lying on the grass, ________________________.

他躺在草地上，头枕双手。

= with his hands crossed under his head.

方式、伴随情况

三、逻辑主语+ 分词的完成式或分词的完成被动式 这种结构表示先完成的主

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语法小专题

动意义或先完成的被动意义。

1）The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.

月亮升起后，他们在田野里散步。

= When the moon had risen…..

时间

2）

___________________________, the work is only half done.

虽然花了这么多时间，这项工作才做了一半。（表让步）

四、there + being +其他成分 这种结构多放在句首，也可放在句尾，其中的being 不能省。

（用独立主格结构填空：）

1) ____________________________, we played games.

没有什么可做，我们玩起了游戏。

2) They closed the store, _______________________________. 他们的店关了门，因为没有顾客。

五、

可以省being / having been 的结构

在下面的结构中，分词being 或having been 可省略。

逻辑主语+being/ having been + 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语/ 过去分词… 1) The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious. 2) The storm (being) over, everything was in peace again.

3) She sat quietly by the window, her eyes (being) full of tears. 4) He came in , a dictionary (being ) in his hand. 5) This (having been ) done, he left the room. 6) The thief (having been ) caught , they felt relieved.

注意：

独立主格结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with 或without, 作伴随状语或定语，这种结构中除用分词外，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词。

1）Without a word more __________, she left the room.

她没再多说一句话就离开了房间。

2）With the first point ____________, they turned their negotiation to another.

第一个要点达成协议后

3）She started on the journey without anyone _____________________.

没有任何人陪同她

4）

She is now a beggar, with all her fortune ___________.

所有的财富都一去不复返了

5）

With the sun ________, they continued their journey.

太阳升起后

6）

With a lot of work ____________, he decided to delay his vacation.

有很多工作要做

7）

He couldn’t sleep well, with her _____________.

她处于危险中

六、

独立不定式结构

独立分词结构表示的时间是发生在主句动词动作之前或同时发生。如果时间发生在主句动词动作之后或者还没发生，就需要用独立不定式结构来表达。

结构：“主格词+ 不定式”（主格词是代词、名词和名词词组）

1. More time to be given, we will make full use of it.

再给一些时间，我们就会充分利用它。

（将来时间, 表假设）

2. Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.

如果明天没人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

在独立不定式结构中，不定式多表示将来的动作或状态，有企图、约定等含义，指的是计划、安排、假设的事情。又如：

3. The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn’t go to the cinema tonight.

明天要考试，

我今晚不能去看电影。（将来的计划）

4. They decided to buy a car, _________________________. 他们决定买一部车，迈克付一半的钱。

5. We planted 500 trees today, _______________________.

我们今天植了500 棵树，其余的明天栽植。

※

解独立主格结构题时应注意：

一、独立主格结构和with+ 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。

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语法小专题

1. ____________, we’ll go fishing in the country .

A. Permitting weather

B. Weather permitted

C. Weather permitting

D. Permitting 2. __________, he finished playing the games of chess. A. With his eyes closed

B. His eyes closing

C. Closing his eyes

D. Closed his eyes 3. _________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted. A. Closed

B. Library closed

C. Closing library

D. With library closing 二、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句中作状语时要注意：他们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如

when , if , as soon as , as , while 等）或并列连词（如

and , but, or , so

等）

1. _______ , the teacher told the class to go through the text.

A. Checking the answers

B. Checking the answers and

C. When checking the answers and

D. all of the above 2. ____ a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside. A. It being

B. Being

C. It was

D. all the above 三、在使用独立主格结构时、with + 复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。

1.当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。

1). _____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Lost

B. As he was lost

C. He lost

D. A and B 2). ____ for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief. A. Waiting

B. When he was waiting

C. As he was waiting

D. all the above 2. 若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自己的逻辑主语，则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构或从句。

1). The solider fell asleep _________. A. with the candle burning

B. burning the candle

C. when he was burning the candle

D. when burning the candle 2)

______ the notice, an idea came into his mind.

______ the notice , he had an idea. A. When he was watching

B. watching

C. When watching

D. all the above 精选练习：

1. ______ , the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful. A. Being on

B. When being on

C. With all the lights on

D. When it turns on all the lights 2. The fish ___ bad, the guest left much of it untouched. A. tasted

B. tasting

C. to taste

D. having tasted

3.Here are the first two volumes, the third one ______ next month. A. to come out

B. coming out

C. will come out

D. having come out 4. The thief stood before the policeman, ______ admitting what he had done. A. with his dropping head

B. dropping his head

C. raising his head

D. with his head down 5. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _____ and his eyes _______.

A. closed ; open

B. closed; opened

C. closing; open

D. closing; opening 6. ________ , her suggestion is of great value than yours. A. All things considering

B. All things considered

C. All things were condiered

D. With all things were considered 7. ______, we have to get down to business right away. A. As there was no time left

B. There is no time left

C. There being no time left

D. There to be no time left 8. With the man ___ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village. A. to guide

B. guiding

C. guided

D. to have guide 9. The old man stood there , ______. A. with back against the wall

B. with his back against the wall

C. with back against wall

D. his back against wall 10. ________, we all went home happily.

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语法小专题

A. Goodbye was said

B. Goodbye had been said

C. Goodbye said

D. When goodbye said 11. _______ , we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather

B. It fine weather

C. It was fine weather

D. It being a fine weather

12. With the weather conditions ______, they flew to London immediately. A. taken account into

B. taken into account

C. taking account into

D. taking into account 13. She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears’ rolling down

B. tears rolled down

C. with tears rolled down

D. tears rolling down 14. _______, the patient can leave the hospital. A. Better conditions

B. Conditions better

C. Conditions are better

D. Being better conditions 15. The fine day ______ our pleasure, we had a good time in the country . A. added up

B. added in

C. added up to

D. adding to

16. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passagers could do nothing but take the train. A. having been cancelled

B. had been cancelled

C. have been cancelled

D. being cancelled 17. The manager was very angry , for he had sent his business partner two thousnad machines yesterday, half of ______ unqualified. A. them

B. what

C. which

D. whom 18. Spider was up and standing at the door, with every hair of her body ______. A. stood up

B. on its end

C. on end

D. on the end 19. With a lot of difficult problems ___, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

(02 上海

春) A. settled

B. settling

C. to settle

D. being settled

20. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ____.

(05

北京) A. going on

B. goes on

C. went on

D. to go on

21._____ two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.

(04 北京) A. With

B. Besides

C. As for

D. Because of

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