Learning about Languageppt课件课堂实录

Section Ⅱ Learning about Language

Ⅰ.高频单词点击

1．merchant (n.)商人

2．warehouse (n.)仓库；货栈

3．burglar (n.)窃贼

4．sequence (n.)顺序；序列 (vt.)按顺序排好

5．dangle (vi.&vt.)悬挂；摇摆；使晃动→dangly (adj.)悬摆的；摆晃的

6．semicircle (n.)半圆形

7．squeak (n.)尖叫声；吱吱声(vi.)发出尖叫声

8．collar (n.)衣领

9．pine (n.)松树

10．squirrel (n.)松鼠

Ⅱ.重点短语必记

1．straight away＝at once

立即；马上

2．pull oneself up 3．pull off 4．long for Ⅲ.常用句型必备

The_wall_being_high_and_steep，I had to climb a pine tree close by so that I could reach the top of it. Ⅳ.单元语法聚焦

The Nominative Absolute Construction(独立主格结构) 立身起来

脱去；努力完成

渴望(某物)

[单词点击] 1．bargain

(1)n.廉价货，便宜货；协议，交易

make a bargain with sb. a real bargain That is a bargain! 与某人签订合同，达成协议

便宜货

一言为定！

This house is for rent.It’s a bargain.

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这所房子是出租的。租金很便宜。

A bargain is a bargain. 协议总是协议。

(2)vi.讨价还价；谈判，协议

She bargained with the shop assistant over the price of a toy.她与售货员讲玩具的价钱。

He bargained with his brother for the property. 他就财产与他的弟弟进行商议。

[即境活用1] Let’s ________ a bargain.If you do my homework，I’ll give you the book Harry

Potter. A．do

C．make

B．strike D．hit 解析：选C make a bargain做个协定。

2．inspect vt.

检查；视察

It was strange that nobody inspected my ticket before I got on the train. 很奇怪，我上火车前，竟然没有人查看我的车票。

Several officials of the Education Bureau came to inspect our school last week. 上周，教育局的几位官员来我校视察。

inspector n．

inspection n. inspect sb./sth. for... 检查员

检查；视察

检查某人/物(有无……)

A dentist inspects the pupil’s teeth twice a year for decayed tooth. 牙科医生一年给这个学生检查两次牙齿看有无龋齿。

check，examine，inspect

(1)check指“检验，核对”是否有误，是否正确。

(2)examine普通用词，用于检查身体，学生的考试。还指“察看或观察以了解情况”和“仔细调查或审查”的意思。

(3)inspect指“仔细查看是否有不足之处或不标准的地方”，还指上级对下级的“视察”。

[即境活用2] You’d better have your eyes ________.After all，you haven’t seen things clearly for a month.

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A．inspect C．examined B．checked D．inspecting 解析：选C have sth.done让某物被(别人)……；对身体某一部位的检查要用examine。句意：你最好找人检查一下你的眼睛，毕竟你已经有一个月看不清东西了。

3．dangle

(1)vi.摇晃地悬挂着；追求

The leaves dangled in the wind.树叶迎风摇摆。

(2)vt.使晃动；使摇摆

The naughty boy sat on the edge of the fence dangling his legs.淘气的小男孩坐在栏杆边上，摇摆着双腿。

dangle from... dangle after/about/round dangle before (in front of) 从……上垂下来

追求(某人)；希望得到(某东西) 在……面前摇晃地摆动着；(希望等)眩惑着

Several young men dangle after the pretty girl. 好几个青年男子追求那个漂亮女孩。

Don’t dangle the lights before me.It will do harm to my eyes.别拿着灯在我面前晃来晃去，对我眼不好。

[即境活用3] It was a thin gold chain with a heart ________ on it. A．dangles C．dangling B．dangled D．to dangle 解析：选C 考查“with＋名词＋现在分词”结构。其中现在分词表伴随动作或状态。dangle摇晃地悬挂着。

4．squeak

(1)n.尖叫声；吱吱声，侥幸

I heard the squeak of a mouse in the attic. 我在阁楼上听到一只老鼠吱吱的叫声。

(2)vi.发出尖叫声；勉强通过；侥幸成功；险胜

a narrow squeak＝a narrow escape squeak by/through 九死一生，千钧一发

勉强通过，侥幸取胜

The path to the road is narrow and difficult，but we can squeak through.这条小路通向大路，但是又窄又难。

He had a narrow squeak in the big earthquake. 他在这次大地震中死里逃生。

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He squeaked through the French examination. 他勉强通过这次法语考试。

[即境活用4]

完成句子

(1)We ____________________________(侥幸取胜) the final with a goal in the last minute. (2)The pig ran away，__________________________(吓得尖叫着)．

答案：(1)squeaked through/by (2)squeaking with fear [短语精析] 1．straight away立即，马上

I’ll bring them straight away.我马上就把它们送来。

同义短语：at once，without delay，immediately，in no time，right away，right off，right now。

I’ll write to him right away.我马上就给他写信。

[即境活用5] This matter is very urgent.Please deal with it ________. A．straight off C．straight up B．straight out D．straight away 解析：选D 句意：事情紧急，请马上处理。straight away立即，马上。

2．pull oneself up站起来，立起身来

Can you find a hold for your hands so that you can pull yourself up? 你能找一个双手可以抓住的东西，以便自己站起来吗？

Pull yourself together！＝Cheer up！振作起来！

pull down

pull up pull away pull out pull back pull through 使扫兴；摧毁

停；使停止

逃走

驶出车站；退出

撤退；退出

康复；完成，做完(十分困难的事) Would you please pull down the curtain? 请你把窗帘拉下来好吗？

The father pulled the child back from the river side. 父亲把孩子从河边拉了回来。

[即境活用6] Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will ________.

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A．pull back C．pull through B．pull up D．pull out 解析：选C 句意：布朗先生的病情看上去很严重，不知他能否康复。pull through康复。

[句型归纳] The wall being high and steep，I had to climb a pine tree close by so that I could reach the top of it.墙又高又陡，我必须爬上近旁的一棵松树，才能到达它的顶端。

本句包含一个独立主格结构和一个so that引导的目的状语从句。独立主格结构表示原因，相当于原因状语从句Because the wall was high and steep。独立主格结构在句中还可作时间状语、条件状语等。

The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。(原因状语) Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it. 吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。(伴随状语) He sat there，his eyes on her back.他坐在那里，注视着她的背影。(伴随状语) Enough time given，we should have done the job much better.如果给我们充足的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。(条件状语) [即境活用7] ________ ill，his mother had to stay at home to attend (to) him. A．His being C．To be B．He being D．Being 解析：选B 本题考查独立主格结构作原因状语，相当于because he was ill。

独立主格结构

一、独立主格结构的概念

独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构的基本构成形式

名词(代词)＋动词­ing形式(过去分词；不定式；形容词；副词；名词；介词短语)

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1．名词(代词)＋动词­ing形式

The bus coming here soon，we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。

Mother being ill，Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。

2．名词(代词)＋过去分词

His cup broken，he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。

He was listening attentively in class，his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

3．名词(代词)＋不定式

在“名词/代词＋动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主动关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是被动关系，则用被动形式。

A house to be built，we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。

Many trees，flowers，and grass to be planted，our newly­built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

4．名词(代词)＋形容词

The ground muddy，we should be careful. 地面泥泞，我们应该小心。

Computers very small，we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。

5．名词(代词)＋副词

The class over，we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。

The lights off，we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。

6．名词(代词)＋名词

His first shot failure，he fired again. 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。

Two hundred people died in the accident，many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

7．名词(代词)＋介词短语

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He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm. 他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。

Glasses in hand，he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。

三、with，without引导的独立主格结构

with(without)＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。

(1)without＋名词/代词＋动词的­ing形式

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。

(2)without＋名词/代词＋动词的­ed形式

Without a word more spoken，she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。

(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式

The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。

(4)with＋名词/代词＋副词

The boy was walking，with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

(5)with＋名词/代词＋介词短语

He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。

(6)with＋名词/代词＋形容词

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。

温馨提示：在with(without)的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。

四、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。

1．作时间状语

School over，the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。

The ceremony ended，the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。

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2．作条件状语

Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。

Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。

3．作原因状语

The boy leading the way，we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

There being no further business to discuss，we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。

4．作伴随状语或补充说明

The boys rushed in，sweat pouring down. 那个男孩大汗淋漓地冲了进来。

Ten students entered for the competition，the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。

5．作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。

五、独立主格结构注意事项

1．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。

Time permitting，we’d better have a holiday at weekends. →If time permits，we’d better have a holiday at weekends.如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。

Seeing from the hilltop，we can find the city more beautiful. →When we see from the hilltop，we can find the city more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。

2．不能省略being (having been)的情形

在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略：

(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。

It being Sunday，we went to church.

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因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。

(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。

There being no bus，we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。

3．物主代词或冠词的省略

在“名词(或代词)＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。

Mr.Smith entered the classroom，book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。

4．独立主格结构没有所有格形式

The chief­editor arriving，we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。

5．独立主格的时态和语态问题

独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。

The listeners having taken their seats，the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。

Tom having been late over and over，his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

6．当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there，his teeth set，his hands clenched，his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。

7．独立主格结构与独立成分的异同

(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：generally speaking (总的说来)，frankly speaking (坦率地说)，judging from(从……判断)，supposing(假设)，等等。

Generally speaking，the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。

Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。

(2)有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest(老实说)，to be sure(确实)，to tell you the truth(说实话)，to cut a long story short(长话短说)，to be frank(坦率地说)，to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是)，等等。

To tell you the truth，I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话，我犯了

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一个拼写错误。

1．(四川高考)The lecture ________，

a lively question­and­answer session followed. A．being given

C．to be given

B．having given D．having been given 解析：选D 考查独立主格结构。lecture与give之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用被动形式，且根据句意可知，讲座发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此选择D。

2．(新课标全国卷)The party will be held in the garden, weather ________. A．permitting C．permitted B．to permit D．permit 解析：选A 考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。weather permitting(＝ if weather permits)为独立主格结构，因为weather是permit这个动作的发出者，故用现在分词形式。

Ⅰ.单项填空

1．________ by the heavy snowfalls last year，Chenzhou，a city in South China，was cut off from the outside，______ water and electricity shortage. A．Having struck；facing C．Struck；facing B．Having struck；faced D．Struck；faced 解析：选C 本句的主语为Chenzhou。第一空应填过去分词表示被动，第二空填现在分词表结果状语。

2．The teacher walked up and down the classroom ________ the students’ work. A．inspected C．to inspect B．inspecting D．being inspected 解析：选B 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。本题需要一现在分词作伴随状语，表示与主句谓语动作同时发生。所以选B。

3．—Have you read this book called Waiting

for

Anya?

—Who ________ it? A．writes C．wrote B．has written D．had written 解析：选C 考查动词时态。本题的语境表明这本书是已出版的书，所以写书是过去的

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事，当然用一般过去时。

4．The human body is composed of organs，each ________ a definite job to do. A．have C．has B．to have D．having 解析：选D 句子后半部分为独立主格结构“代词＋动词­ing形式＋名词”的用法，表示对主句的补充说明。

5．The weather ________ so bad，we had to put off the football match. A．was C．were B．is D．being 解析：选D 句子前半部分为独立主格结构“名词＋动词­ing形式＋形容词”在句中作原因状语。

6. He was busy writing a story，only ________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A．to stop C．to have stopped B．stopping D．having stopped 解析：选B 此题考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。句意：他在忙于写一个故事，只是偶尔停下来抽支烟。only在这里是连词“只是”。此题学生易误选A。only/just＋不定式用来作状语通常表示出乎意料的结果，而此句很显然不是表结果，而是表伴随。

7．If there’s a lot of work ________，I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. A．to do C．done B．to be doing D．doing 解析：选A 本题考查非谓语动词和there be句型。在there be句型中，不定式若作定语，则用主动形式表示被动意义。

8．________ to loud noises for a long time will have one’s hearing ________. A．Exposed；harmed C．Exposing；being harmed B．Being exposed；harmed D．Expose；be harmed 解析：选B 本题考查非谓语动词用法。从结构和句意看，第一空所需的是主语，应填动名词且用其被动形式；第二空需考查have sth.done结构，用过去分词表被动。

9．The great changes would never have taken place ______ the economic reform in our country. A．apart from C．except B．but for D．besides 解析：选B 本题所给选项都有“除……之外”的意思，但意思有细微差别，其中but for还有“要不是”之意。句意：我国要不是实行经济改革，决不会发生巨大的变化。

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10．________many times，but he still can’t understand it. A．Having been told C．Though he had been told B．He has been told D．Being told 解析：选B 在英语中，关键词but连接前后两个分句，所以前一分句只能是一个句子，而不能用分词结构。此题学生易误选A或C。

Ⅱ.完形填空

Learn and Earn

Charlie and Jackie worked together in a whole sale company just after graduation.They were both hardwoking. Several years later，the boss made Jackie sales manager，but Charlie __1__ a salesman.One day Charlie could not __2__ up with it any more.He handed in his resignation letter(辞职信) to the boss and complained that the boss did not __3__ hardworking employees，but only raised those who tried to make him pleased.He thought it was really __4__. The boss knew that Charlie spared no __5__ for the company all these years，but in order to help Charlie to realize the __6__ between him and Jackie，the boss asked Charlie to do the __7__.“Go and find out if there is anyone selling watermelons in the market.”Charlie went，returned and __8__said，“Yes，”The boss asked，“How much per kg？”Charlie went to the market again to ask and returned to __9__，“＄ 12 per kg.”

The boss told Charlie that he would ask Jackie the __10__ question.Jackie went，returned and said，“Boss，only one person is selling watermelons.＄ 12 per kg，＄ 100 for 10 kg.He has a __11__ of 340 melons.On the table are 58 melons，and every melon weighs about 15 kg，bought from the south two __12__ago.They are fresh，red，and of good __13__.”

Charlie was __14__ and he realized the difference between himself and Jackie.He decided not to __15__ but to learn from Jackie. My dear friends，you know，a more __16__person is more observant，thinks more and understands in __17__.For the same matter，he sees several years ahead，__18__you see only tomorrow.The difference between a year and a day is 365 times，so how could you __19__？

Think：how __20__ have you seen ahead in your life？How thoughtful are you? 语篇解读：本文通过两位同事办事的不同效率和思维方式向我们说明了对待事情的不同眼光在人生中所起的重要作用。

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1．A．made C．remained B．became D．kept 解析：选C 根据句意可知Charlie仍然是个小售货员，故选remained。

2．A．make C．keep B．catch D．put 解析：选D 终于有一天Charlie不能忍受了，put up with固定短语，忍受。

3．A．enjoy C．repay B．meet D．value 解析：选D 根据文意可知，Charlie应当是认为老板不重视真正肯下苦力工作的人，只会给那些马屁精升职。

4．A．usual C．strange B．unfair D．selfless 解析：选B Charlie认为这是非常不公平的。

5．A．rest C．effect B．trouble D．effort 解析：选D 根据句意可知其实老板知道Charlie是个工作非常认真的人，spare no effort固定短语，不遗余力的。

6．A．similarity C．difference B．relationship D．distance 解析：选C 根据下文可知，老板为了帮助Charlie认识自己同Jackie之间的差距，让他们做了同样的事情，difference为最佳选项。distance指时间或空间上的距离。

7．A．following C．shopping B．finding D．searching 解析：选A 根据下文可知老板让他们照自己的要求去做，此处following为最佳选项。

8．A．still C．even B．again D．only 解析：选D 根据下文可知Charlie仅仅去看了市场上有没有西瓜卖。

9．A．offer C．remind B．answer D．repeat 解析：选B Charlie回来之后对老板回答道，此处answer为最佳选项。

10．A．difficult C．same B．familiar D．simple 解析：选C 根据下文可知老板告诉Charlie，自己将对Jackie提出同样的要求，故选same。

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11．A．total C．pile B．lot D．number 解析：选A 根据句意可知应该是那人总共有340 kg的西瓜要销售，故选total。

12．A．days C．years B．months D．minutes 解析：选A 根据常识可以推测，那堆西瓜应该是两天前买的，选项中days最符合句意。

13．A．value C．service B．quality D．shape 解析：选B 西瓜很新鲜，瓜瓤又红，可推出西瓜的品质很好。

14．A．struck C．puzzled B．shocked D．encouraged 解析：选A Charlie顿时目瞪口呆，说不出话，故选struck。

15．A．stay C．sleep B．stop D．leave 解析：选D 根据下文可知，Charlie应该是决定留下了。

16．A．important C．successful B．intelligent D．hardworking 解析：选C 根据文意，一个比别人更成功的人必然会观察更多，考虑更多，理解更多，successful最符合语境。

17．A．time C．need B．depth D．order 解析：选B 比别人考虑问题要更深刻，in depth固定结构，深入地，全面地。

18．A．while C．unless B．though D．when 解析：选A 成功的人目光更长远，while用在此处表对比。

19．A．see C．know B．think D．win 解析：选D 这样的话，你如何胜过他人呢？

20．A．fast C．soon B．far D．long 解析：选B 根据上文可知作者认为，眼光的长远决定成功与否，故选far。

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