Grammar教学实录与评析

Grammar: Attributive Clause 一、定义：一个名词或代词后跟上一个连词引导的句子，这个句子对前面的名词或代词起着

、

的作用，这个句子就叫定语从句（

）；有时前面也可以是一个主句，连词引导的这个句子对前面的主句起着___________、___________的作用，这个句子叫做__________________。前面被修饰的名词或代词叫做_____________，这个连词就叫做_______________。

二、定语从句的结构：_________________________；或_________________________________ 三、定语从句的种类：__________________________和________________________________ 四、关系词具有的功能：(1)_________________：连接从句，引导一个定语从句

(2)_________________：指代先行词或主句

(3)_________________：在定语从句中充当句子成份

五、关系词分类：(1)关系代词：________、_________、________、_________、__________、

___________，它们在定语从句中充当_________、_________、________，注意：___________不能引导定语从句。

(2)关系副词：___________、____________、___________它们在定语从句中充当__________，注意：_________不能引导定语从句。

六、定语从句高考考点：________________________ Exercises: 1. The girl makes full use of the time_______________ she can spare. 2. We are living in an age______________ many things are done on computer. 3.— Did you remember the days________ we worked on the farm? —

Certainly. Especially the hard time______________ we spent together. 4. Ancient Rome was a country_______________ culture influenced the western world for centuries. 5. Last winter,___________ I spent with my family, was the most exciting time I had ever had. 6. You can think of many cases_____________ Chinese students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t express themselves.

7. I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason____________ I left.

8. He gave up the plan_______________ I think was a very good one. 9. The man_______________ you met just now is my old friend.

The man_______________ is walking on the playground is my old friend. 10. The factory_____________ his father works is in the east of the city.

The factory_____________ his father visited is in the east of the city. 七、每个关系词使用的详细情况: (一)只能用that不能用which引导定语从句的情况: 1.当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, no one时，只能用that引导。

I have said all that I want to say. Is there anything that I can do for you? 2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，只能用that引导。

This is the best film that has been shown in the city. We’ll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.

3.先行词被the only, the very, the last, just, all, every, no, little, few, any修饰时,只能用that引

导

This is the very book (that) I want to buy. There is little work (that) you can do. The only thing that I can do is to have a rest. 4.先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导

They talked about the men and the things that they saw. Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about. 5.当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时，用that引导

Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 6.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词也在从句中作表语时，只能用that引导

China isn’t a country that it used to be.

Shanghai is no longer a city that it used to be. 7.在there be句型中,修饰主语的定语从句常用that引导

There is a table in the corner that is folded away. (二)只能用which不用that的情况：

1.关系代词前有介词时，只能用which

This is the house in which he lived.

2.引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which, of course, made the others envy him. Exercises:用关系代词that或which填空

1. Is there anything___________ you don’t understand about the problem?

2. The worst matter__________ I’m afraid of happened in the end.

3. All the presents___________ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.

4. This is the very book__________ I have been looking for.

5. He was late for the opening ceremony,__________ was surprising to me. (三)关系代词who, whom, whose的用法

当先行词指人，在定语从句中用____________时，用who引导，who不可省略；

若在定语从句中作___________时，用whom引导，whom可以省略；

若在定语从句中作___________时，用whose引导，whose引导定语从句中不能单独使用，它后面必须跟上名词，这个名词与前面的先行词之间构成___________关系。

(1) She is the girl_________ lives next door.

(2) That’s the girl___________ I teach.

(3) This is the scientist___________ achievements are well known.

(4) This is the house____________ window broke last night. 注意：whose+ n引导定语从句时等同于the +n + of which/ whom这种形式，有时of which/ whom也可提前。

(1) Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

= Workers built shelters for survivors, the homes of whom had been destroyed.

= Workers built shelters for survivors, of whom the homes had been destroyed.

(2) This was the old man____________ sons died in WWⅡ.

= This was the old man, ____________________ died in WWⅡ.

= This was the old man, ____________________ died in WWⅡ.

(四)as引导定语从句的情况：

(1)在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被such, so, the same, as修饰时，定语从句要用as来引导，as在从句中作主语、定语、表语，常构成下列句式：

such+名词

+as +句子

the same+ 名词+as +句子

so+ adj.+ a/ an+ n.+ as+句子

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.

He is not the same man as he was.

She is so kind a girl as everyone likes. 注意：such/ so… as与such/ so… that的区别

such/ so… as引导____________从句，as在从句中要充当____________。

such/ so… that引导____________从句，that在从句中_______________。

This is such a light box___________ I can lift it easily. This is such a light box___________ I can lift easily. He is so honest a man___________ we all trust. He is so honest a man___________ we all trust him.

(2)在非限制性定语从句中，as代指整个主句，可位于句首、句中、句尾，常用于肯定的非限制性定语从句中。

Taiwan, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. = As you know, Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. He is from the south, as I learn from his accent. (五) as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：

①位置的区别：as可位于句首、句中、句尾；而which只能位于主句之后

相同的是：as、which都可代指主句的全部内容

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. ②as有“正如、正像”的含义，常用于下列习惯用语中：

as everybody can see, as is known to all (everybody), as we had expected

as often happens, as has been said before, as is mentioned above, as is often the case,

As we had expected, the professor gave us a wonderful speech.

As is mentioned above, it is necessary for everyone to reduce emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. (六)关系副词when, where, why的用法

1、当先行词是表示时间的名词时，定语从句中主语、谓语、宾语都已经齐全，此时从句用when引导，when在从句中作时间状语，而且when= in/ at/ on/ during/ over…+ which

2、当先行词是表示地点的名词时，定语从句中主语、谓语、宾语都已经齐全，此时从句用where引导，where在从句中作时间状语，而且where= in/ at/ in front of…+ which

3、当先行词是时,从句中主语、谓语、宾语都已经齐全，这时就用where引导，where在从句中作原因状语，而且where= for+ which I still remember the day_____________ I first came to Beijing. Can you tell me the office_____________ he works? Do you know the reason_______________ he is absent?

There are several reasons_____________ we can’t do that. 注意：比较下列几组句子：

Do you still remember the days____________ we spent in Qingdao?

Do you still remember the days____________ we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? We are living in an age_______________ many things are done on computer. We are living in an age_______________ we have a lot of things to learn about. I can think of many cases________________ students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.

I can think of many cases________________ you know nothing about. This is the factory_____________ his father works. This is the factory_____________ his father built. Do you know the reason____________ he came late to school? That is the reason_______________ I want to know.

注意：当先行词为明显的地点名词时，用where来引导定语从句，where在从句中作状语；但有些抽象的地点名词作先行词，如point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, occasion等表示某人、某物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时，也通常用where来引导定语从句，where在从句中作状语

①You reach a point where medicine can’t help.

②Until today, we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. ③We were put into a position in which (where) we had either to accept we were less important or fight the government. ④I understand the situation where a person lacks money. ⑤Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. ⑥This is not an occasion for laughter, where you must take things seriously. ⑦He has to face the condition where the pressure is heavy. ⑧—Do you have anything to say for yourself?

—Yes, there’s one point___________ we must insist on.

八、介词+which/ whom引导定语从句

介词的选用要考虑两种搭配关系：(1)介词与定语从句中的动词、名词、形容词的搭配关系；(2)介词与先行词之间的搭配关系

Have you found the book

for which I paid 29 US dollars?

on which I spent 29 US dollars?

from which we learnt a lot?

about which she often talks? Exercises: ①The couple ran an educational organization__________ which they are proud. ②The couple ran an educational organization__________ which they take pride. ③This is the book_________ which you asked. ④Here is the car________ which I told you. ⑤There was no people in the street____________ whom she could turn for help. ⑥Here some Christmas presents, ____________ which you can choose one for yourself. ⑦The high building____________ which stand two guards is the police station. ⑧Mandela was the black lawyer___________ whom I went for advice.

⑨He was generous with his time,___________ which I was grateful. ⑩The school___________ I was sent was very large.

The school___________ I studied French was very large. 九、名词/代词/数词/形容词最高级+of + which/ whom引导定语从句

改错：(1)I have three storybooks, one of them is about The Hamlet. (2)We received a large number of visitors, some of them are very old. (3)They have four children, the youngest of them is a boy. 选择：

(1)Have you seen the book,___________ is yellow?

A. the cover of it

B. which cover

C. the cover of which

D. which’s cover

(2)The old man was telling a funny story, surrounded by many kids,______ with fascination. A. all of whom listened

B. all of them listened

C. all of whom listening

D. all of them were listening

(3)The old lady had a son and two daughters,___________ treated her well, which made her very sad. A. no one of whom

B. neither of them

C. none of whom

D. none of them

(4)We rent a beach house with two small rooms,_________ can serve as a kitchen. A. the smaller of which

B. a smaller of which C. the smaller of them D. smaller of that 十、定语从句的其他考点：

(1)当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上应该与先行词保持一致。

改错：①He has two sons who works in the same company. ②There is an old man who want to see you. 注意：

①one of+ 复数名词+关系代词+V复；V的单复数应与复数名词保持一致

The Great Wall is one of the world- famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.

Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood. ②the one/ the only one +复数名词+关系代词+V单；V的单复数应与

the one/ the only one保持一致。

You are the only one of the clerks who is invited to the party.

You are one of the clerks who are invited to the party. ③名词/代词/数词/形容词最高级+of + which/ whom引导非限制性定语从句并在定语从句中作主语时，V单复数与of之前的部分一致。

The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond your control. 改错: I have an old clock and the hour hand of which doesn’t work. ④as, which引导非限制性定语从句，代指主句的内容，作定语从句的主语时，V动词用单数形式。

As is known to all, Great changes have taken place in China. He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.

(2)注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

①当先行词是way意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式：in which, that, which What surprised me was not what he said but the way___________/___________/_________

he said it. 比较下列两个句子中关系词的不同：

The way_________/_______/________ he explained to us was quite simple. The way_________/_______/________ he explained the sentences to us was not difficult to understand. ②当先行词是time时，若time作次数讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略，常用于句型：This/ It/ That is the first time that…

若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when引导，常用于句型：There was a time when…

This is the second time that the president has visited the country.

I could hardly remember how many times that I failed. This was at a time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.

(3)注意下列句子中的细微差别

Is this the factory____________ his father visited last year? 还原为：

Is this the factory____________ his father worked last year? 还原为：

Is this factory____________ his father paid a visit to last year? 还原为： 用适当的词填空

①That was the box__________ he put his books. ②That box was_____________ he put his books into. ③Is that present______________ he sent you last time? ④Is that the present____________ he sent you last time? 必背下列几个典型句型

As is known to all, the earth turns around the sun. It is known to all that the earth turns around the sun. What is known to all is that the earth turns around the sun. The reason why he came late was that he got up late.