Grammar多媒体教案及点评

四川省都江堰中学2019届补习班系列练习

第二讲

句子的成分和基本句型

句子成分：

组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分为：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语。

一、主语——表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。例如: Lily likes her new bike.(名词)

莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。

He gets up early every day.(代词)

他每天都起得很早。

To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短语）学好英语不容易。

二、谓语——说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词充当。例如：

．．We work hard. The boy caught a bird. He is my father.

They all look fine.

谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：

I am reading.

You are reading.

He\She is reading.

We are reading. 三、宾语——宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：

Tom bought a story-book.（名词）

I saw him yesterday. （代词）

He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）

直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：

He gave

me

some ink .

间接宾语

直接宾语

Our teacher told

us

an interesting story.

间接宾语

直接宾语

四、表语——说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：

My sister is a nurse.（名词）

They were at home.（介词短语）

She got angry. （形容词）

Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（数词）

五、定语——定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：

This is a green cup.（形容词）

Are these students your

classmates? （代词）Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）

I have something important to tell you（.不定式）

The people here are very friendly.（副词）

注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。

六、状语——状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：

You are quite right .（副词）

Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike.

(介词短语)

She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介词短语）

He stopped to have a look. （不定式短语）

七、宾语补足语——有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。例如：

We

call

her

Xiao Li.

宾语

宾语补足语

You

must keep

the room

clean and tidy.

宾语

宾语补足语

John

asked

me

to help him with his Chinese.

宾语

宾语补足语

I

will have

my hair

cut

tomorrow.

宾语

宾语补足语

We

saw

the boy

playing basketball

on the playground just now.

宾语

宾语补足语

句子成分巧记歌诀

主谓宾表定状补，

七种成分记清楚。

句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。

定语修饰主宾表，

宾语之后常有补。

主谓人称数一致，

状语位置最灵活。

Exercises: 指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。

1．We all study hard at English. A. 主语

B. 谓语

C. 宾语

D.表语

2．Betty likes her new bike very much.

A. 主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语

3．My brother is a policeman.

A. 主语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.表语

4．Were you at home last night?

A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

5．Winter is the coldest season of the year.

A 定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

6．He often walks in the park.

A.定语

B.状语

C.宾语

D.表语

7．Mary asked me to help her yesterday. A.定语

B.状语

C.宾补

D.表语

8．He bought me a nice present last week.

A.宾语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补

9．His parents are doctors. A.宾语

B.表语

C.谓语

D.定语

10．I’ll get you some tea now. A.宾语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补

11．My mother told us an interesting story last night. A.表语

B.直接宾语

C.间接宾语

D.宾补

12．He has read the book twice. A.主语

B.谓语

C.表语

D.宾语

13．They seemed unhappy when they heard the news. A.表语

B.谓语

C.宾语

D.定语

14．Do you have something to eat ? A.状语

B.定语

C.宾语

D.宾补

15．We made him our monitor. A.宾语

B.定语

C. 状语

D.宾补

简单句的基本句型：

由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。根据句子的基本结构，简单句分为5种基本句型：

1．S＋V;（主语

＋

不及物动词）

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四川省都江堰中学2019届补习班系列练习

I

can swim.

主语

谓语（不及物动词）

Everything

changes.

主语

谓语

The plane

has already arrived.

主语

谓语

2．S＋V＋O;（主语＋＋及物动词＋宾语）

I

like

English.

主语

谓语

宾语

They

are reading

books .

主语.

谓语

宾语

He

bought

a computer

last week.

主语

谓语

宾语

3．S＋V＋P;（主语＋连系动词＋表语）

My mother

is

a scientist.

主语

谓语

表语

She

looks

young.

主语

谓语

表语

The food

tastes

very

delicious.

主语

谓语

表语

4．S＋V＋IO＋DO;（主语＋vi＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）

My mother

bought

me

a dictionary

yesterday.

8．The map is on the wall 9．Children often sing this song. 10．Mr Wu teaches us English. 11．She showed her friends all her pictures. 12．I find him a lovely boy. 13. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags. 14. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule. 15. They can stop using plastic bags. 16. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation. 主语

谓语

间接宾语

直接宾语

Can

you

give

me

the math book?

谓语

主语

谓语

间接宾语

直接宾语

Will

you

tell

us

something about your school life?

句子的种类

英语句子按结构可分为三类：简单句，并列句和复合句：

1.

简单句Simple Sentences 含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. 2. 并列句Compound Sentences 包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。

e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 3.复合句Complex Sentences 包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句都是复合句。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 按照句子的功能，简单句可分为4类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，和感叹句。

一、陈述句——用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法。

1．肯定式：主语＋谓语＋……

I came here last night.

The earth turns around the sun.

2．否定式：如果句子的谓语动词是be／have或有助动词和情态动词，在它们之后加not构成否定式。

China is not a developed country.

He hasn’t been to Hangzhou.

We can’t live without air.

He doesn’t like English.

She didn’t go to the party last night.

二、

疑问句——英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

1. 一般疑问句——用yes或no来回答的疑问句。

Are you from England?

Do you speak English?

Will you be free tomorrow?

谓语

主语

谓语

间接宾语

直接宾语

5．S＋V＋O＋Oc;（主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋补语）

We

must keep

our classroom

clean and tidy. 主语

谓语

宾语

宾语补足

My mother

asks

me

to speak English as much as possible.

主语

谓语

宾语

宾语补足语

I

heard

her

singing happily in the room just now.

主语

谓语

宾语

宾语补足语

简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：

英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。

句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。

系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。

及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。

还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。

Exercises: 请划分下列句子的成分，并指出属于简单句基本句型中的哪种：

1.

The new rule came out. 2．My mother is fifty now. 3．I have bought three books. 4．My friend gave me a birthday present. 5．I painted the wall white. 6．The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day. 7．They arrived at six o’clock.

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四川省都江堰中学2019届补习班系列练习

2. 特殊疑问句——用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用yes或no回答。

Whose bike is the newest?

Who teaches you English?

Why didn’t you tell me earlier?

3. 选择疑问句——提出两个或两个以上的情况让对方选择。

选择疑问句由“一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句”构成，其中后一个问句中与前一个句中的相同部分被省略。不用yes或no回答，要用完整的句子回答。

Is Kate’s hair long or short?

It’s long.

Shall we go by bus or walk?

By bus.

4. 反意疑问句——前一部分是肯定结构，后一部分用否定;如果前一部分是否定，后一部分用肯定。

You are from England,

aren’t you?

Tom tells you about it, doesn’t he?

Jenny didn’t come to school yesterday, did she?

They haven’t been to the Great Wall, have they?

Exercises: 1. The teacher had a word with you,_______? A. didn’t he

B. hadn’t he

C. didn’t have he

D. did not he 2.

You won’t take back what you said,________?

A. didn’t you

B. will you

C. aren’t you

D. were you 3.

Let’s go to watch the football match,________?

A. do we

B. don’t we

C. shall we

D. will you

4.

Your family has no colour TV set,________? A. hasn’t it

B. doesn’t it

C. is it

D. does it 5. Miss Liu doesn’t like dancing, does she?

----- _________ A. No, she does

B. No, she do

C. Yes, she does

D. Yes, she is

6.

There’s something wrong with the radio,

______?

A. hasn’t there

B. doesn’t there

C. isn’t there

D. is there 三．祈使句——表示命令，请求或建议，主语通常省略说话对象是第二人称时，主语you一般省略。

肯定式：谓语是动词原形（+宾语）

否定式: Don’t/Never+动词原形+……例如：

Be quiet，please.

Please come in.

Don’t be afraid.

四．感叹句——表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情

感叹句有what和how开头的两种形式。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，句末用感叹号。例如：

1．What+（a）+名词！

What fun！

What+（a）+形容词+名词主语+谓语！

What a beautiful picture it is！

口语中，常省略主语和谓语。例如：

What a good idea！

2．How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！

How interesting the film is！

3．How+主语+谓语！

How she works！

How I wanted to see you！

Exercises: 1．_______clever boy he is! A. How

B. What

C. How a

D. What a 2．_______beautiful the Daming Lake looks! A. What a

B. How

C. What

D. How a 3．_______ wonderful film it is ! A. What

B. How

C. What a

D. So 4．_______ happy life we are living today ! A. What

B. What a

C. How

D. How a 5．________all these dustmen are working! A. How hard

B. What hard

C. How hardly

D. What hardly Exercises★: 指出下列句子的种类。

1. I’m from London.

2. Don’t speak to me now.

3. Lucy likes bananas.

4. Do you like cooking? 5. What about you？

6. Is it Lucy or Lily？

7. Nice to meet you!

8. This way, please. 9. He doesn’t work on a farm. 10. What a fine day it is! 连词

连词是一种虚词，它不能独立地担任句子的成分，只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句子与句子的作用。

1）连词的分类

并列连词：用来连接有并列关系平行的词、短语或分句。

从属连词：用来引导一个从句。

2）连词的用法

中学阶段学过的表示并列关系的并列连词有：and, as well as, not only…but also…, both…and, 和neither…nor…

表示转折关系的并列连词有：but, yet, while 表示因果关系的并列连词有：for, so 表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, either…or, otherwise 【注意】“祈使句,+ and/or +陈述句”结构中，前后为承接关系用and；相反关系用or。

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四川省都江堰中学2019届补习班系列练习

中学阶段学过的从属连词有：

引导名词从句的连词：that, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why. 引导定语从句的连词：that, who, whom, whose, which, when, where. 引导状语从句的连词：when, where, while, as, as soon as, after, before, since, until, till, if, unless, because, in order that, so…that, so that, though, although, whenever, wherever, whatever, as…as, (not )as…as, than.

yellow, _________ the other is white. 13. ----It was careless of you to have left your

clothes. ----My God!_____________________.(的确如此) 14. ____________ ( leave ) it with me and I’ll see what I can do. 15.

----The place isn’t too bad, is it ?----No, ______ it’s a bit too crowded.

16.

I got angry about what he said, _______ he was not angry with me. 17.

----I had thought I would miss the bus. ----_________ you wouldn’t have arrived on time. 18.

She must have gone out early, _________ she didn’t show up at breakfast.

19.

He spoke very little English, ___________ I talked to him through an interpreter. 20.

You’re in the right, ________ we should support you. 21.

You’ll have to use your knife, ________ you won’t be able to cut it.

22.

I was leaving _____ there came a knock at the door. 23.

They were surprised that a child could work out the problem ________ they themselves couldn’t.

24.

The boy was frightened ________ he gave his watch to the robber. 25.

----Sugar _____ milk? ----Milk with no sugar, thank you.

【高考例证】用适当的词填空：

1. One more week, _______ we will accomplish the task. 2. Would you like a cup of coffee, _______ shall we

get down to business right away? 3. ---- What was the party like?

---- Wonderful. It’s years _______ I enjoyed

myself so much. 4. ---- I don’t like chicken ______ fish.

---- I don’t like chicken, _________ I like fish

very much. 5. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

---- I’d like to, _________ I’m too busy.

6. Why do you want a new job ____________ you’ve got such a good one already?

7. She thought I was talking about her daughter,

________,in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 8. ________ the day went on, the weather got

worse. 9. The WTO can’t live up to its name ______ it

does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. 10. The Parkers bought a new house ________ it will need a lot of work before they can move in. 11. ___________ ( try ) some of this juice ---- perhaps you will like it. 12. One of the sides of the board should be painted

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