Grammar特级教师教学实录

Period 3 Grammar （一）教学内容与目标

1. Topic话题内容

Surroundings and neighbourhood

2. Target Language 目标语言

a. 重点词汇和短语

high-rise buildings, traffic, recently, attractive, a shopping mall, particular, remain, so far, up to now, till now b. 重点句子

They have built many high-rise buildings in the city. (p34)

The traffic in the city has got much worse recently. (p34)

The family has lived in this town for twenty years. (p36)

Up to now, I’ve understood everything the teacher’s said. (p36) 3. Ability goals 能力目标

a. To enable the students to have knowledge of this grammar point: Present perfect tense; b. To enable the students to use the present perfect tense properly. 4. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help the students learn how to use the present perfect tense correctly.

5. Emotional goals 情感目标

Love our motherland and hometown.

（二）教学重点与难点

1. Teaching important points教学重点

a. Summarize the rules of the present perfect tense b. Help the students make full use of the present perfect tense to express themselves.

2. Teaching difficult points教学难点

a. Deal with some difficult language points. b. Get the students to master the usage of the present perfect tense. （三）教学方法与手段

1. Teaching methods 教学方法

a.

Whole language teaching..

b.

Cooperative learning.

2. Teaching aids教具准备

A projector and a computer.

（四）教学过程与设计

Teaching procedures & ways教学步骤与方式

Step 1 Revision (4 minutes)

a. Ask students to retell the conversation. Use the key words. b. T: Now, let’s do the competition. Try your best to find out the sentences using present perfect tense from the conversation which we have learnt yesterday. The more you write down, the higher score you will get. Step 2 Grammar 1 Present perfect tense 1 (15 minutes) Let Ss know how to use present perfect tense properly. a. (Individual Work) Ask Ss to say out the sentences using present perfect tense, and then ask some questions according to the sentences. (1) It’s been six years since we last saw each other, you know. Question: Do you know when the last time was the speaker saw his friend? Answer: The last time that the speaker saw his friend was six years ago. (2) This is the first time I’ve visited your hometown. (3) I’ve seen quite a lot of China. I’ve visited some beautiful cities. Question: Do we know when the speaker saw these places? Answer: No, we don’t.

(4) They’ve just completed it. Question: Is it a recent event? Answer: Yes, it is. (5) They’ve put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently. Question: Did they do this a long time ago? Answer: No, they don’t. Recently means lately. (6) My wife’s just bought a beautiful dress from one of the shops there. (7) A friend’s told me about a nice little fish restaurant near here. Question: Did this happen recently? Answer: Yes, it did. b. (Pair Work) Ask Ss to summarize when to use present perfect tense. We were friends for about six years. (我们过去是朋友，现在是不是，没有说明。）

We have been friends for about six years. (结果对现在有影响：我们现在仍是朋友。) Suggested answers: 现在完成时的用法之一：过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响。人们使用现在完成时，并不关心动作何时发生，只关心这个动作和现在有无联系或对现在产生的影响。但是一般过去时则把注意力放在过去某时发生的动作。

现在完成时与for或since引起的短语连用时，表示从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今；而一般过去时与for引起的短语连用时，只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。

一般过去时通常与表过去某时刻的时间状语连用，如last night, yesterday, last year, three weeks ago等；而现在完成时所带的时间状语包括说话时在内或与说话时非常接近，如today, these days, recently, just等。

The action happened in the past, but has much effect or cause certain result to today.

To denote continuous action or state (表持续的动作或状态,常和since或for引导的短语连用). e.g. I have lived here for more than thirty years.

I have been here since last October. To denote the past repeated action (表过去重复的动作,常和always ,often ,many times, every day等时间状语连用). e.g. My father has always gone to work by bike.

(我父亲一向是骑车上班) It has rained every day this week.

(这个星期天天下雨)

To denote the future

(表将来, 尤用在时间状语从句中) e.g. We are going after we have had breakfast. I will wait until he has written his letter. It is used with “ just, recently, before, never ,always, often ,already, in the past ,so far, up to now, till now” and so on.

c. (Pair Work) Ask Ss to finish Activity 2 on page 34. Suggested answers: have built (2)has got (3) came , stay (4) has visited (5) has lived (6)has not bought, has seen

d. (Group Work) Ask Ss to tell his / her partners about an interesting place that he / she has been to.

Tell him / her when you went and what you did there. And ask if he / she has been there. Try to use the present perfect tense.

(Ask two pairs to act out their dialogue.) Step 3 Grammar 2 Present perfect tense 2 (20 minutes) a. Individual Work

Ask Ss to look at some sentences on the screen. Decide which sentences describe events that continue over a period of time and which sentences describe events that happen at a particular point in time.

(1) And you’ve lived here all your life …

(2) I’ve worked for it for four years now.

(3) … we’ve started a holiday club for children.

(4) A lot of children have joined it. Suggested answers: Sentences 1, 2 describe events which continue over a period of time. Sentences 3, 4 describe events which happen at a particular point in time. b. Pair Work

Ask them to finish Activity 2 on page 36. Suggested answers:

A: know

live

remain

stay B: borrow

buy

give

leave

open

put

send c. Pair Work

Ask them how to distinguish the words. 在现在完成时态中，非延续性动词不能和表示延续概念的“for + 一段时间”的时间状语连用。

在表达延续一段时间的动作时，可用与其意义对应的状态性短语来表示。

Eg 他已经结婚10年了。

He has married for 10 years.

( × ) He has been married for 10 years.

( √ )

He married 10 years ago.

( √ )

It is 10 years since he get married.

( √ )

d. Individual Work

Ask the Ss to finish Activity 3 on page 36. Suggested answers: (1) have, known, have known (2) has borrowed (3) has lived (4) Have, sent (5) has, left

e. Individual Work Ask Ss to read the sentences in Activity 4 on page 36. Try to find out which phrases have the same meaning.

(The three phrases all have the same meaning. Their meaning is “到目前为止”.)

Work in pairs. Ask and answer about what you have learnt so far / up to now, this term, in your lessons at school.

Step 4 Assignment (1 minutes) a.

Review the rules of present perfect tense. b.

Finish the exercises on page 85. c.

Finish the translation practice. Translate the following into English by using the present perfect tense. 1) 有人把窗户打破了。

2) 他到过许多国家。

3) 自从我来到这所学校，她一直教我。

4) 我有三个月没买过任何东西。

5) 雨还没有停，你怎么能走呢？

6) 他们晚饭后经常下棋。

7) 直至近日，他将此书藏在一个神秘的地方。

8) 我们过不了河，因为河水涨了。

9) 他们晚饭后经常下棋。

Keys：

1) Someone has broken the window.

2) He has been to many countries. 3) She has been teaching me since I came to this school. 4) I haven’t bought anything for three months. 5) How can you go before the rain has stopped ?

6) They often play chess after they have had supper. 7) Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 8) We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 9) They often play chess after they have had supper.

附录：

一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较

一般过去时所关心的是过去发生的动作，与现在没有联系。常带有表示过去某个时间的状语，现在完成时所关心的是过去发生的事与现在的影响和联系，对现在产生的某种结果，现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系，语句译为汉语后常常带有“已经.....了，”

或“

... 了”的含义。

A: I've lost my pen. Can you lend me yours? B: Why don't you buy one? A: It fell into the river only a moment ago when i washed my hands. Now I've got to fill in a form with a pen. 分析：

I've lost my pen. （我把钢笔弄丢了），其结果是我此刻无笔，需要笔，而谈到a moment ago 时，说话人只关心过去怎样，只需要用过去时。

现在完成时与for引起的短语连用时，表达从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今，而一般过去时与”For+一段时间连用时，只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。如：

We've stayed here for three weeks.

我们在这里逗留了三个星期了。（说话时人还在）。

He stayed here for three weeks last year. 他过去曾在这里呆过三个星期。（并不表示现在是否在）

一般过去时带有表示过去某个时刻的时间状态，如yesterday, last year(month/week/night),in 1980...如：

A: When did you come? B: I came the day before yesterday. 现在完成时所带时间状语包含说话时在内，如today, this week/month/year, these days/years或与说话时非常接近，如：recently, just, in(during) the past three years,而一般过去时所连用的时间状语与现在相隔离，如：yesterday, last year ,in the 1900's等。如：

A：

I've learned over three hundred words this year. B：

Great changes have taken place in the last ten years. C:

This area was flooded three years ago.

终止性动词与其意义对应的状态性短语在时态上方的异同点。

终止性动词表示说话时已经完成的动作时，需要用完成时：

用状态性动词，则用一般时。如：

He has fallen ill= He is ill. 他病林

。

She said she had caught a bad cold and needed a rest. == She said she had a bad cold and needed a rest.

她说她患了重感冒需要休息。

在第一个例子中，fall ill 表示动作，用现在完成时表示“已经倒了”，be ill 表示状态，用一般现在时，表示说话人处于生病状态。在第二个例子中，catch a cold 表示动作，用过去完成时表示“已经染上感冒”，

have a cold 表示状态，用一般过去时表示当时已处于患感冒的状态。

终止性动词用于完成时，不表示延续概念，不能跟表示延续概念的“for+一段时间”的时间状语连用，而与其意义对应的状态短语则可以。如：

He has died. 他已经死了。(right) He has died for several years. 他死了好几年了（wrong) 说明：

在上述句子中，die 是终止性动词，die 的动作不能延续，而for several years 则表示动作或状态继续了好几年。因此，第二个句子是错误的。要表示第二个句子的概念可用表示状态的be dead 来表示，即：

He has been dead foe several years.

He died several years ago.

It is several years since he died . 常见的终止性动词及其意义对应的状态性短语：

终止性动词

come (arrive) here

go(get) out go/leave/move become a member join an organization start

end

return /come (go) back

fall asleep /go to sleep

状态性短语

be here be out

be away/off

be a member

be in an organization

be on

be over

be back

be asleep