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定语从句

定语从句起形容词的作用，在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词。

被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词的作用

一是放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接（主句和从句）作用，二是在从句中充当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。

在限制性定语从句中，关系代词who, whom, which,that 在定语从句中作动词的宾语和（位于句末）介词的宾语时，可以省略。

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1. It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. [15湖南] 2. Opposite is St.Paul's Church, _ __you can hear some lovely music. [15北京] 3. He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of__ __ were published in the 1990s. [15·重庆] 4. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. [15浙江] 5. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy their work. [15天津] 6. I borrowed the book Sherlock

Holmes from the library last week，_______my classmates recommended to me. [14·北京] 7.Students should involve themselves in community activities ______ they can gain experience for growth. .[14·福建] 8. I am looking forward to the day ______ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. [14·湖南] 10. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _______ a good impression is a must. [14·江苏] 11. Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. [14·江西]

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

类别

作用不同

限制性定语从句

起修饰或限制先行词的作用。不可去掉，否则主句意思不完整或不明确。

功能不同

形式不同

先行词不同

是先行词不可缺少的定语。

不用逗号与主句隔开。

只能是名词或代词。

对先行词作附加的补充解释说明。

用逗号与主句隔开。

可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子（即整个句子作为其先行词）

①作宾语时不可以省略

②不可用that ③一般不用who代替 whom 主句从句分开译，通常译成并列分句等。

非限制性定语从句

对整个句子的意义并不重要，即使去掉，原句仍有意义。

①作宾语时可以省略

关系词不同

②可用that

③可用who代替 whom 语法不同

译成先行词的定语“…..的”

1 I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. .[14·浙江] 2. We'll reach the sales targets in a month ___ we set at the beginning of the year. [14·重庆] 3.An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area __interact with one another.

[13上海] 4.The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform_________ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. [13浙江] 5. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of __are family members. [13重庆]

关系词的用法与辨析

考点一 关系代词的省略和避免定语从句中的重复性错误

1.

There are a lot of people plant trees there.(改错) 2.

The tomatoes were on the table were given to you. (改错) 3.

The book, I bought yesterday, is Harry Potter. (改错) 4.

Jackon is a man (whom/ who) I believe him to be honest. (改错) 5.

We shall visit the school where your father has worked there for many years. (改错)

考点二 关系代词和关系副词的选择方法

即学即练1. 用when ,where,why,which,that 填空，可以省略时用（）括起来。然后熟读并翻译每个句子，指出个题所考查的知识要点。

1.I can never forget the day ____we worked together and the day ____we spent together. 2. September is the month ____comes after August. September is the month ____we usually return to school. 3. She didn’t tell me the place ______she was born. She didn’t tell me the place ____she was born in. 4. That is the reason _____he gave me. That is the reason____he didn’t come yesterday. 5. This is the plane in____I went to Bejing .This is the plane _____I took to Bejing. 考点三 模糊地点名词后可用where 引导定语从句

①当先行词是situation, point,case,condition,position等模糊地点名词时，并在从句中作状语，也可使用关系副词where,(相当于in which) ②Occasion作时机讲时为模糊时间。

1.Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills. [12重庆]

2.It’s helpful to put children in a situation _________ they can see themselves differently. 3.—Do you have anything to say for yourselves? —Yes, there’s one point _________ we must insist on.（2006江西）

4. We’re just tying to reach a point _________ both sides will sit down together and talk.（2006山东）

6.

Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity________ sight matters more than hearing. (2007 天津) 7.

.Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with the kids.（08 山东）

考点四 whose +名词

和which+名词引导定语从句的区别。

1.

whose +名词引导定语从句时，先行词和whose后的名词之间存在所属关系。

①指物：whose +名词=the +名词+of which= of which+ the+名词（名词前有定冠词the表特指，whose后无定冠词the。

②指人：whose +名词=the +名词+of whom= of whom+ the+名词

1. The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us. [15·四川] 2. A company ________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. [14·山东] 3.The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected. [13福建卷] 4. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ____ help I would never have got this far. 12天津] 5. In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses. [12四川] 6. The children, all______ had played the whole day long, were worn out. [13浙江]

7.The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination. [11全国卷I] 8. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.[11山东]. 9. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years. [ 11江西]

考点五 as和 which引导定语从句的区别

1．非限制性定语从句中的as与which ①as 引导一个非限制性定语从句时，as 可代替整个主句的内容，有“正如，

像…一样”。As从句位置灵活，可位于句首或句中，常有逗号和主句隔开。

②which 也可以代表整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句，而which 位于句中，不能位于句首。

③as引导定语从句的习惯用语

as we all know=as is known to us all 众所周知 as mentioned above 如上所述

as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as is often the case 正如…是常有的事

1. Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, ________ is quite unexpected.[14·四川] 2.There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science. [13山东] 3.Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. [12安徽] 4.The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. [12福建] 5. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all. [12陕西]

6. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. [11全国卷II]

7. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset. [11北京卷]

2．限制性定语从句中的as

考点六 只用that,which 或who(m)引导定语从句的情况

1.

只用which 或who（m）不用that的情况：

①非限制性定语从句中，指物只用which，指人只用who（m）。

②“介词+关系代词”中，指物只用which，指人只用whom。

③（指人）先行词为anyone，those，one,he 时多用who. 2.

只用that（而不用which）引导定语从句的情况（限制性定语从句中）：

(1) 先行词为不定代词，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：

(2) 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。

(3) 先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。如：

(4) 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。如：

(5) 先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：

(6) 如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。如：

(7) 疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。如：

1．Anyone ____leave the room last ought to turn off the lights. 2.Those _____wants to go to the Great Wall sigh up here. 3. Finally, the thief handed everything_____ he had stolen to the police. 4.He was very rude to the customs officer,_____of course made things even worse. 5. The first place ____we’ll visit in London is Buckingham Palace.

7.Those are the very points ____ puzzle me. 8. The driver and his car ______ fell into the river have not yet been discovered. 9. Who___has commom sense would believe such nonsense? 10. Kindness is the golden chain by _____ society is bound together.

考点七 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。

1.

Many countries are now setting up national parks______ animals and plants can be protected. [13北京] 2.

It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer _______I went for advice. 3.

He referred me to some reference books ______ I am not very familiar. 4.

I’ll never forget the day ______she said goodbye to me. 5.

Look at the building ______ is flying a red flag. It’s where I work. 6.

The room the door _____ （=whose door） is blue belongs to me. 7.

Mary is the only girl _____ he has ever been in love.

考点八 定语从句与并列句

1.

She heard a terrible noise,_____ brought her heart into her mouth. 2.

The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but ___didn’t help. 3.

He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ___hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. 4.

He has two children, and both of ____are abroad. 5.

He has two children, both of ____are abroad.

考点九 定语从句与强调句

1.

It was Johnson,____studied very hard,_____often offered us help. 2.

It was in the small house_____was built with stone by his father ____he spent his childhood. 3.

----Where did you get to know her? -----It was on the farm ____we worked. 考点十

定语从句与结果状语从句

1.

These houses are sold at such a low price_____people expected. 2.

His plan was such a good one _____ we all agreed to accept it.

考点十一 that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别

1.

Doris’ success lies in the fact _____ she is co-operative and eager to learn fron others. 2.

----It’s 30 years since we last met. -----But I still remember the story, believe it or not,_____we got lost on a rainy night. 3.

Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class____he had to meet his uncle at the airport. 4.

There is much chance ____Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. 5.

A warm thought suddenly came to me____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.

考点十二 it，as 与what三种句型的转换

1.______is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

2._____is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. 3.______is known to us all is that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London. 4._______was most important to her, she told me, was her family.