Learning about Language公开课教案

BookVIII Unit4 Grammar

非谓语动词教学设计

鸡泽一中

尹娜娜

非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分

时主动

态

与谓语动词一to do

般

done

以后发生

表示谓语的动作（情况）进行

to be

doing

式表示的动作正在进行

完成

先于谓语动完成进行

(

). The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seemed ______ for it pretty well. (2010·江苏扬州市高三四模) A. to prepare B. to have prepared C. having prepared D. to be preparing

to have 作发生而又been doing

动作发生后

he is studying in.

延续到谓语don’t know which country studying abroad，but I He is said to have been to have done

to have been done

先于谓语动作发生

We seem to have met each other before.

came in.

定式须用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

This book is said to have been translated into many languages. 发生时，不定reading a book when I 的动作的承受者时，不He pretended to be 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示to be 同时发生或I’m glad to see you.

被动

意义

例句

语态

一、不定式和动名词作主语

1. 动名词作主语常用以下句型：It is＋no use/good＋doing sth. 而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语,而动名词较少用it作主语，除It is no good，no use，useful，fun doing sth Eg：

It was no use sending him to a hospital. It's very hard to learn an art. 2. 当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。

His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him) Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)

3．for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系，则该介词用of，反之，则须用for。

在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

It was wise of him to do that.

4形式对称，当表语也是不定式，主语要用不定式，表语是动名词时，主语也用动名词

Eg; Seeing is believing（to see is to believe）

(

) . — What has made him upset recently? — ______ alone to face a troublesome milk case. A. Left

B. Being left C. Having left

D. To leave

(

). — What caused the party to be put off? — ______ the invitations.

A. Tom delayed sending B. Tom's delaying sending C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send

二、不定式和动名词作宾语

1. 动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。

Do you mind my/me reading your paper?

She doesn't like Mary /Mary's talking that way.

2. 常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)

想要干

want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear

早打算

plan, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否

agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford 问问看

ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做……)

决定了

decide, determine, make up one's mind, be determined 尽力干

try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive 努力做

care

别装蒜

pretend Eg: I had never expected ______ such a big audience there. A. it to be

B. there being C. there to be

D. there to have

3. 介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语：

appreciate，escape，avoid，bear，envy，delay，escape, can’t stand(受不了)，deny，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest，keep，quit, feel like, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。

喜欢考虑不可免（

）

停止放弃大冒险（

）

承认理解很值得（

）

反对想象莫推延（

）

要求完成是期望（

）

建议继续勤操练（

）

不禁原谅要坚持（

）

继续注意变成功（

）

I

4. 动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do Eg; You would be well advised to stay indoors. The teacher advised taking a different approach.

5. need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。

Eg; The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.

6. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose can’t help等。

try to do努力、企图做……

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

mean to do打算，有意要……

mean doing意味着

go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)

go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)

propose to do 打算(要做某事)

propose doing建议(做某事) can’t

help to do（不能帮助做某事）

can’t

help doing（情不自禁做某事）

like /love/hate/ prefer ＋to do 表示具体行为；＋doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念，如果这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?

You must remember to leave tomorrow.

I should like to see him tomorrow.

7. 固定句型

1)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)＋doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)

There is no use crying over spilt milk. 2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun ＋

(in) doing

He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation. 3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth.

They can't lose time playing computer games as usual. 4)There is no ＋

doing…“不可能”

There is no telling what he is going to do. 5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing…阻止……做……

Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.

【疑难点击】

1.

do/did/does＋nothing/anything/everything＋but(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式须带to。

Eg：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。

Eg：

When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

Ex:(

). Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but ______ the flowing of the smog around me.

A. enjoy

B. enjoying C. enjoyed

D. to enjoy

3. 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等的宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构

Eg：

We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind. I don't mind there being a chair here.

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.

4. 为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。

John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to. — Hasn't he finished writing the report? — No, but he ought to have. — Aren't you the headmaster? — No, and I don't want to be.

(

). The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seemed ______ for it pretty well.) A. to prepare B. to have prepared C. having prepared D. to be preparing

(

). In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire－stricken areas moved out______.

A. to escape burning

B. to escape being burned C. escaping burned

D. escaping from burning

(

). — Is Tom a good talker? — No, he never speaks to me other than ______ something. A. ask for

B. to ask for C. asked for

D. asking for

三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语

1．不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽

象的一般性的行为。

What I would suggest is to start work at once. His hobby is collecting stamps.

2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”，也可用修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词作主语。

Travelling is interesting but tiring.

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.

3. 除be done外，

get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。

What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.

Eg:

(

). I wonder why Ann didn't get ______ the job. She is the right person for it.

A. to be offered

B. to offer C. offering

D. offered

（

）In April，thousands of holidaymakers remained ________abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A．sticking

C．to be stuck

四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语

1．

to do，doing，done的区别

To do表未来的动作，与修饰词是主动关系，doing表正在发生或当时的状态，与所修饰词是主动关系，done表示已经发生的动作，与所修饰词是被动关系。

Eg：

Please give me an apple to eat Do you know the man sitting at the desk？

The lost boy was found yesterday. 2.

To

be done, being done,done的区别

To be done 表示被动，将来，being done 标被动和正在进行，done表被动，完成

Eg：

The problem to be discussed tomorrow is important The problem being discussed now is important

B．stuck

D．to have stuck

The problem

discussed yesterday is important

Educators claim that children ______ to English－speaking environment will learn the language more quickly.

A. being exposed

B. to be exposed C. having exposed

D. exposed

(

). Twenty－six journalists from 19 media organizations of different countries and regions are the first ones ______ the unrest of “the Red－shirts” in Thailand capital.

A. covered

B. covers C. to cover

D. covering

（

）In the years ______，

the city government will take effective measures to bring the price of the house under control.

A. following

B. followed C. follow

D. to follow

（

）The design ________all the ages and social groups is not easy to make. A．appealed to

B．being appealed to C．to be appealed to

D．appealing to

五、不定式和分词作宾语补足语

1. like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等动词＋宾语＋to do sth.，宾语与to do 为主动关系。

【特别提醒】

My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do

2. 感官动词see, observe, hear, notice，watch, feel, look at, listen to＋

宾语＋do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作) doing(主动，正在进行) done(被动，完成) 若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原；

She saw the old man cross the road. → The old man was seen to cross the road.

The children were last seen playing by the river. We are glad to see our child taken good care of.

3. get/send/set ＋宾语＋doing表示“使……起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去；get＋

宾语＋to do＝let/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”；get＋宾语＋done＝have sth. done表示“使某事被做”；send＋宾语＋to do表示“派某人去做某事”

Finally I got my car running. His words sent me thinking.

The teacher often gets us to recite texts. I'd like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.

To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.

4. 使役动词make/let＋宾语＋do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如果make/let在被动语态中，to要还原。

I made my little brother cry. → My little brother was made to cry.

I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood.

5．

have表示“有”时，用have＋宾语＋

do，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；用have＋宾语＋to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。

The teacher often has us debate in class. They had the lights burning while working.

Nancy will have her house painted. To his anger, he had his wallet stolen on the bus. I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?

6. keep/leave＋宾语＋doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)

Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time. They went home, leaving much work unfinished. 7. want/order/ask/wish ＋宾语＋(to be )done (宾语与done之间为被动关系) The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hours. 老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。

(

). I can't get my car ______ on cold mornings, so I have to try ______ the radiator with some hot water.

A. run; to fill

B. running; filling C. running; to fill

D. ran; filling

(

)Alexander tried to get his work______in the medical circles. A．to recognize

C．recognize

六、不定式和分词作状语

1．动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, so…as to do和such…as to do中的不定式均作结果状语。only to do表示出人意料的结果。

She did all she could to save him. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. In order to pass the exam, he worked hard. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

动词－ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生；完成式(having done)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。

Hearing the news, they got excited. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.

EX: (

) . ______ how to solve the problem, the little boy turned to his father for help.) A. Not knowing B. Having not known

C. Not having been known D. Not known （

）The parents rushed to the school，only ________that their son had left without a word. A．to tell

B．to be told D．having told

B．recognizing

D．recognized C．being told

________ all the doors were locked，Mr.Smith left for London on holiday. A．Checking

C．To check

B．Checked D．Having checked

过去分词和动词－ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系，否则不能作状语。但独立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from…等除外。

过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的－ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。

Given(＝Having been given) a wrong number, I couldn't contact him over phone. Being blind, how could they see an elephant?

2. 不定式(to do sth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式(doing sth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。

He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked与preparing同时发生) I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)

3. devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的－ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或－ing＋oneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。

Seating himself/Seated/Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading. Have you noticed the student losing himself/lost in thought?

3. 有些to do 短语，doing短语和done 短语已经当作插入语使用，此时，句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系：

①to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/ frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)

②generally/frankly/roughly speaking (一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说)，considering…(鉴于/考虑到……)，judging by/from…(从……来看，依据……来判断)，supposing that…(假定……)，providing that…(假定……)，according to…(依据……), including…(包括……)，owing to…(由于……)，talking/speaking of (谈及……)

③given…(考虑到……), provided that…(如果……)

Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.

（

）________Chinese culture with overseas cultures is a challenging job，but you will learn a lot from it. A．Comparing

B．Compared D．Compare C．Having compared

(

). ______ from media reports, the result has been unclear.

A. To judge

B. Having judged C. Judging

D. Judged

(

)________the temperature might drop，I prepared enough coal for warming. A．To consider

C．Considering

五，

独立主格结构

B．Considered D．To be considered 独立主格结构：n./pron.＋doing/done/to do/adv./adj./prep.短语

前后主语不一致时，分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语，且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系，此时，视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句，则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。

It being Sunday, we needn't go to school.

→ Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.

All the work done, you can have a rest. → If all the work is done, you can have a rest.

with复合结构

with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种，常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with＋宾语＋补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。

为：

Eg：

With the children following him, he had to go back to the park.

With the work finished, he could go home. With so many books to read, I could not go out.

With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest. With the prices of color TV set down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.

His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand. The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.

（

）With winter________，many cold-blooded animals are busy storing food. A．approached

C．approaching

B．to be approached D．having approached

With the agreement ________，the members present at the meeting were dismissed. A．to reach

C．reached

B．to be reached D．having reached

四归纳与总结

(

) . Seeing her mother come back, ______. A. tears ran down her cheeks

B. her tears ran out C. she burst into tears D. she burst into crying

(

) . ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.

A. Faced

B. To face C. Having faced

D. Facing

(

).Easter Island, which was almost uninhabited when it was discovered on Easter Day in 1722 by a Dutch captain, is covered with hundreds of giant statues, each ______ several tons.

A. weighing

B. weighs C. weighed

D. to weigh

(

) After ______ for the job, I was required by the interviewers ______ a language test.

A. being interviewed; to take B. interviewed; being taken C. interviewing; to be taking D. having interviewed; taking

(

) . After the party, most guests left, with only two of them ______ in the host family, ______ him cleaning up. A. remaining; helped B. remaining; helping C. remained; helped D. remained; helping

My money ______，

I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I've none in hand.

A. run out

B. running out of C. has run out

D. to run out

(

) With the great weight ______ off her mind, she passed the test successfully. A. taking

B. taken C. take

D. to be taken

(

). After ______ for the job, I was required by the interviewers ______ a language test.

A. being interviewed; to take B. interviewed; being taken C. interviewing; to be taking D. having interviewed; taking

(

). ______ from media reports, the result has been unclear.

A. To judge

B. Having judged C. Judging

D. Judged

(

). The great hall was crowded with many people, ______ many children ______ on their parents' laps.

A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting

(

). ______ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.

A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain

(

). Taking this medicine, if ______，

will of course do good to his health.

A. continued

B. to continue C. continues

D. continuing

(

). The little boy still needs the ______ 20 dollars to do with some things ______.

A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; remaining to be settled C. remained; remained to settle D. remained; remaining to settle

(

)________ on his past mistakes，Ted realized that he had stayed around the wrong people. A．To reflect

C．Reflected

B．Reflecting D．Being reflected