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Language Study

Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target language目标语言：[来源:学科网ZXXK]

Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous Tense 2. Ability goals能力目标

Enable the students to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help the students lean how to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense. Teaching important & difficult points教学重难点

How to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense. Teaching methods教学方法

Explanation and practice Teaching aids教具准备

A computer and a projector, a blackboard Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方法

Step I Revision

Check the students’ homework and let one read their work.

Step II Lead-in Ask the Ss to point out the sentences that contain the structure as “We have been excavating here for many years” in the text.

Step III Explanation 一．单词考点

[来源学+科+网]

Section A Warming-up,Reading&Comprehending 1.think of认为；想起，想出

eg:①What do you think of the film?

②Who can think of a good way to solve the problem? 区别：think of, think about ⑴二者都有“认为”的意思，此时，二者可互换。

⑵think of还有“想出；关心；打算”之意。

⑶think about还有“思考；考虑”之意。

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另：think overadv(=think about...carefully)“仔细考虑”

2.identify vt.“认出，发现；鉴定；说明身份”(—identity n.“身份；同一性；一致”—identical adj.“同一的，完全相同的”) 短语：

identify sb./sth.as…

认出某人/某物是……

identify A with B

认为A与B一致

be identical with/to介

和……完全相同

3.alternative的用法

⑴作n时，[C]“可供选择的事物”

搭配：

have no alternative but to do sth.(=can’t choose but to do sth.)别无选择只好做……

eg:We have no alternative but to go on. ⑵作adj时，“可供选择的，两者(或者两者以上)择一的”

eg:This way was blocked,so we had to go by alternative road. 4.comparev比较，对比

搭配：compare...with...(=compare...to...)把……与……做比较

compare...to...把……比作……

compared with/to与……做比较

compare notes交换看法，交换意见

eg:①Compared with many students in the poor areas,you’re lucky enough.

②We carefully compare the first report with the second.

③After reading the notes,we compared notes. 5.awareadj知道，明白，意识到

注：aware后跟名词性从句时，一般从句前不用of，但是在what从句前必须用of。

eg:①Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.

②Bill became aware that he was still holding the cup.

③He wasn’t aware of what had happened. 5.强调句型

㈠含义

强调句是一种修辞，是为了突出句子的某一成分(谓语动词、表语、定语从句等除外)而采用的一种句式。

㈡结构

It is/was+被强调部分(谓语动词、表语、定语从句等除外)+that/who+句子剩余部分。或It+情态动词be+被强调部分(谓语动词、表语、定语从句等除外)+that/who+句子剩余部分。

eg:It was in the park that I met Tom yesterday. ㈢判断句子是否是强调句型的方法

首先，去掉“It is/was和that、who”。

然后，确定句子结构是否完整，若完整，则是强调句型；若不完整，则不是强调句型。

eg:①It was nine o’clock when he arrived at home last night.(非强调句型)

②It was at nine o’clock that he arrived at home last night.(强调句型) ㈣对not……until句型的强调

对not……until句型强调时，not和until必须放在一起才能进行强调。

eg:It was not until you pointed it out to me that I realized my mistake.

㈤强调句型的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的变法

⑴强调句型变为一般疑问句时，只须把is或was提前，即：Is/Was+被强调部分(谓语动词、表语、定语从句等除外)+that/who+句子剩余部分。

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eg:Was it in the park that I met Tom yesterday? ⑵强调句型变为特殊疑问句时，只须在一般疑问句前加上特殊疑问词，即：特殊疑问词+ is/was+it +that/who+句子剩余部分。

eg: Where was it that I met Tom yesterday?

6.interruptvt&vi“打断，打岔；中断，暂停”—interruptionn[U]“打断，中断”[C]“打断，中断，障碍物，阻断物”

eg:①He tried to speak,but she interrupted him.

②Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm. 7.as well as并列连词同……一样；也；和

eg:①It’s important for you as well as for me.

②He grows vegetables as well as flowers.

③She called on you as well as me. 注：as well as连接并列主语时，谓语动词形式符合就前一致原则。

eg:She as well as I am a student. 8.assumevt假定，假设；认为；假装；承担—assumptionn假定；假设—assumedadj假定的；假设的

eg:①I had assumed him to be a German.

②The court assumed the responsibility for the girl’s welfare(福利). 注：assuming可作连词，意为“假定，假设”，引导从句。相当于suppose,supposing。

eg:Assuming/Supposing/Suppose (that)it is true,what should we do now? 9.regardless of介短不管；不顾；不理会

eg:The club welcome all mew members regardless of age. 10.must have done“一定做过某事”表示对过去发生事情的推测。只有肯定形式。

反义词为：can’t have done sth.“不可能做过某事”，can have done常用于否定句、疑问句。

eg:He must have gone out,for the lights were turned off. 11.suggestvt的用法

⑴暗示，表明

搭配：

sth.

suggest

that从句(真实语气) eg:His expression suggested pleasure. ⑵建议

搭配：

sth.(to sb.)(向某人)建议某事(=(to sb.)sth.)

suggest

(one’s)doing sth.建议(某人)做某事

that从句(特殊虚拟语气) 注：suggest后不直接跟双宾语。

eg:I suggest our going to the park on Sunday. 12.keep...doing sth.让……一直做某事

keep...from doing sth.(=prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.)注：在变为被动时，from都不可省略。

eg:The boss kept the workers working all day. keep短语：

keep out关在外面，不让进入

keep out of躲开，置身于……之外

keep away使离开

keep off避开，不接近

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keep back隐瞒；阻止；扣下，留下

keep on继续，保持

keep up继续，坚持，维持

keep to保持，坚持

keep up with跟上，不落后

13.主动表被动的句型

⒈由事物本身所具有的性质所表现出来的特征。（动词不单独使用，后常加修饰词。）

eg:The pen writes smoothly. 2.不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成逻辑上动宾关系而与其逻辑主语构成主谓关系时，to do不定式要用主动表被动。

eg: I have a lot of work to do. 3,主语＋系动词＋表语（adj为convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasant等）＋to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。) eg:①The room is comfortable to live in.

②The worker is easy to get along well with. 4.主语＋find/think/consider/believe/make等＋宾语＋adj＋to do.(注：其中to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主句宾语为to do的宾语。) eg:He finds the math problem difficult to work out. 5.在固定短语中。如：be to let,be to blame,be to seek,be worth doing等。

eg:The flat is to let. 14.对动词强调

对动词也可进行强调。但只限于一般现在时和一般过去时和祈使句三种句式，且只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调。结构为“do/does/did+v原形”。另外，它也可对肯定的祈使句中的动词进行强调。意为“确实；一定；务必”。

eg:He does know the place well. 15.It seems that...(=名词/代词+seems+to do sth.)“看起来……”强调根据一定的事实所得出的一种接近于实际情况的判断。

eg:It seems that he is lying.=He seems to be lying. 注：It appears that...“看起来……”强调表面上给人某种印象，而实质上并非如此。

16.cut up切碎，剁碎；使悲伤(常用被动) eg:①Let’s cut up the chicken and make some soup.

②He was badly cut up by the death of his son. cut短语：

cut across走近路，取捷径

cut down砍倒；削减

cut in插嘴；超车抢道

cut off停止(供应)；切掉；使……与外界隔绝

17.as引导的定语从句的用法

⑴as常用于固定搭配中：the same. . . as，such…as，as/so…as。

eg:①He bought such a book as I have.（as作宾语）

②You should do it the same way as I did.(as作状语) ③He is not the same man as he was.

④Zhengzhou is such a city as everyone likes to visit. ⑵as常用于固定句型中：as we all / everyboby know(s),as you can see,as you say,as it is often the case,as we expect等。

eg:As we all know,Zhengzhou is an attractive city. ⑶as“正如；正像”，常用于引导非限制性定语从句。

eg: As is known to all,Edison invented the bulb. 18.used to的用法

to be…过去是……；过去处于……状态

⑴used to

(注：暗含现在不这样了。)

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to do…过去常常做某事

⑵

to do sth.(=for doing sth.)被用来做某事

be used

to (doing)sth.习惯于(做)某事

as+工具

被用作……

注：㈠used to通常不能与表示具体次数或一段时间的词或短语连用，但它可以与always,often等表示经常性意义的副词连用。

eg:I always used to be afraid of dogs. ㈡used to构成否定式、疑问式有两种形式，借助于did或used。

eg:He usedn’t/didn’t use to come. Section B Learning about Language 1.significancen意义，意思；重要性

eg:It’s a matter of great significance. 区别：significance,consequence,importance ⑴significance指马上显示其特殊重要意义。

⑵consequence侧重指具有或可能有重要或深远的后果。

⑶importance一般用语，着重指本身具有重大价值、意义、影响等。

2.somehowadv“以某种方式；用某种方法；从某种角度”“不知怎么地；由于某种未知的原因”(anyhow=anyway不管怎样，无论如何) eg:①We must stop him from seeing her somehow. ②Everything is out of order,somehow. ③He told me not to buy it,but I bought it anyone. 3.be fed up with(=be tired of=be sick of=be bored with)受够了，厌烦

相近的短语：

be tired with对……厌倦、厌烦

be bored with厌倦，厌烦

be disgusted with对……厌恶的

be sick of对……厌烦

get fed up with厌倦，厌烦

disgust sb.with sh.使某人厌恶某事

eg:①I wish he’d get a job.I’m fed up with it.

②She was fed up with her doing-nothing son. Section C Using Language 1.applaud v.“鼓掌，赞许”的用法

搭配：

applaud sb./sth.向……鼓掌

applaud sb.for…因……称赞某人

applaud the decision称赞这个决定

eg:We applauded when the performance ended. 2.if only…“但愿……，要是……就好了，真希望……”

if only后的句子要用一般虚拟语气。

⑴If only+主语+could/would+do...表示对将来的愿望。

eg:If only it could be just like last year! ⑵If only+主语+did(were)...表示对目前或现在事实相反的事情的愿望。

eg:If only Tom were here by my side.

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⑶If only+主语+had done...表示对与过去事实相反的事情的愿望。

eg:If only you had worked with greater care! 注：only if“只要”，引导的从句位于句首时，主句需用半倒装结构。

eg:Only if you promise not to invite Mary will I come. 2.look ahead向前看；为将来打算

eg:We must look ahead before we make a decision. look短语：

look around四下张望

look back回头看，回顾

look down往下看

look down (up)on轻视，看不起

look into往……里看；调查

look after照看，照顾

look out向外望

look over检查

look up向上看；查(词典) look up and down上下打量

look for寻找

3.accelerate v加速，促进—acceleration n加速，加快

eg:①It is a kind of substance used to accelerate a fire.

②Suddenly the car accelerated. 4.when并列连词“这时”的用法

when(=and then)，作并列连词。固定搭配为：

be doing……when正在做……这时

had(just)done……when刚做……这时

be about to/be……when正要做……这时

on the point of doing……when正在做……这时

注：⑴when可引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”。

eg:When I was a boy,I lived in the countryside.

⑵when可引导原因状语从句，意为“既然；考虑到”(=since=as=now that)。

eg:How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen? ⑶when可引导让步状语从句，表示对比。意为“虽然，然而，可是”(=although)。

eg:He walks when he might take a taxi. ⑷when可引导条件状语从句，意为“如果；要是；在……情况下”(=if)。

eg:No one can make a dress when they haven't learned. 5.pronounced adj.“很明显的；表达明确的；显著的”的用法(—pronounce vt.“读，发音；宣告”) 短语：

pronounce for sb.作有利于……的判决

pronounce on sth.就某事表态

eg:The doctors pronounced him to be no longer in danger.

= The doctors pronounced that he was no longer in danger. 6.arrest的用法

⑴作vt时，“逮捕；吸引；阻止，中止”

eg:You could get arrested for doing that.

They failed to arrest the company's decline(衰落). ⑵作n时，[C,U]“逮捕，拘留，终止”

eg:Fifteen persons were under arrest because of the serious violence. 7.“only+动词不定式”作结果状语的用法

表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，表示一种出乎意料的不愉快的不想要的结果，意为“不料，竟然，结

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果”。

eg:He arrived home only to find that his house had been broken into. 注：现在分词也可以作结果状语，指伴随谓语动词而产生的必然的、顺理成章的结果。

8.relief n的用法

⑴[单，U]“(痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除”

短语：

What a relief!谢天谢地！

eg:Taking this medicine can be a short relief of suffering. ⑵[U]“(不快过后的)宽慰，轻松，解脱(常用单数)”

搭配：

to one's relief令某人欣慰的是

with relief宽慰地

find relief from...从……中摆脱出来

breathe a sigh of relief如释重负地松了一口气

eg:To our great relief,the children all arrived home safely.

In a way it was a relief to know exactly what was happening. ⑶[U]“救济品(金)”

搭配：

for the relief of...为了救济……

eg:We should provide relief for refugees(难民). 9.sth.+need(s)+doing...(=sth.+needs+to be done)“某物/某事需要被做”

其中，doing为主动表示被动。类似的主动表示被动的有：want/require/worth eg:His leather shoes need mending/to be mended. 10.在一个简单句中，出现多个并列的谓语动词时，前面几个通常用逗号隔开，最后两个用and连接。

注：英语中，一个句子出现多个动作，若一个动作是谓语动词所表示动作的结果、方式、原因或伴随情况时，则表示该动作的动词要以非谓语的形式出现。

eg:Tony lay on the bed and seeing her friend,stood up in no time. 11.now and then有时，偶尔，时而，不时

eg:I see him now and then,but not often. 有些相近的词组：

from time to time有时，不时

(every)now and again时而，不时

every now and then时而，不时

12.date back to介(=date from=go back to介)追溯到，始于，自……至今

无被动，无进行，但可有现在分词形式。常用于一般现在时。

eg:①The custom dates back to the 12th century.

②The building dates back to the Song Dynasty. 注：date back to后接一段时间的名词，而date back to后接表示具体时间的名词。

eg:①The college dates back to medieval times(中世纪).

②It's a tradition that dates back at least 100 years.

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