Grammar教案和学案内容

1 句子成分(Members of a Sentence) 什么叫句子成分呢

句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中

词与

词之间有一定的组合关系

按照不同的关系

可以把句子分为不同的组

成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种 即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种

主

语 subject 、谓语 predicate 、表语 predicative 、宾语 object 、

定语 attribute 、状语(adverbial) 和补语 complement 。 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省

略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型

是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 英语五种基本句型列式如下 一

主

谓 二

主

系

表 三

主

谓

宾 四

主

谓

间宾

直宾 五

主

谓

宾

宾补 基本句型

一

主

谓

主语

可以作主语的成分有名词

如boy

主格代词

如you 动词不定式

动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词

不分家 谓语

谓语由动词构成

是英语时态、语态变化的主角

一般在主

语之后。不及物动词 vi. 没有宾语

形成主谓结构

如 We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点

即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的

意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词

后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从

句等。 │ 不及物动词 1. The sun │was shining.

太阳在照耀着。 2. The moon │rose.

月亮升起了。 3. The universe │remains.

宇宙长存。 4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.

我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who │cares?

管它呢 6. What he said │does not matter.

他所讲的没有什么关系。

7. They │talked for half an hour.

他们谈了半个小时。

8. The pen │writes smoothly

这支笔书写流利。 基本句型

二

主

系

表

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点

句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完

整的意思

必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语

才

能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类 be, look, keep, seem等属一类

表示情况 get, grow, become, turn等属另一类 表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系

动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词 look well/面色

好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好 smell bad/难闻

│

是系动词

│

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.

这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner │smells │good.

午餐的气味很好。 3. He │fell │in love.

他堕入了情网。

4. Everything │looks │different.

一切看来都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong.

他长得又高又壮 6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.

麻烦的是他们缺少

钱。 7. Our well │has gone │dry.

我们井干枯了。

8. His face │turned │red.

他的脸红了。 There be 结构 There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际

意义

不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。

此结构后跟名词

表示‘ 存在

有某事物’

试比较 There is a boy there. 那儿有一个男孩。 /前一个there无

实意

后一个there为副词‘那里’。

2 基本句型

三

主

谓

宾

此句型句子的共同特点是

谓语动词都具有实义

都是主语产生的

动作

但不能表达完整的意思

必须跟有一个宾语

即动作的承受者 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后

一

般同主语构成一样

不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’ 如 me him them等

│

及物动词

│

1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。 3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。 4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。 5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说 "早上好 "

7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 基本句型

四

主

谓

间宾

直宾

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语

如 give给 pass递

bring带 show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人

为间接宾语

一个指物

为直

接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。

一般的顺序为

动词 + 间

接宾语 + 直接宾语。如 Give me a cup of tea,please. 强调间接宾语顺序为

动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如 Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词

动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如 Bring it to me,please. │

及物

│

多指人

│

多指物 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿

美餐。 3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。 5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片 6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。 7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。 基本句型

五

主

谓

宾

宾补 此句型的句子的共同特点是

动词虽然是及物动词

但是只跟一个

宾语还不能表达完整的意思

必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语

才能

使意思完整。 宾语补足语

位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足

语有逻辑上的主谓关系

它们一起构成复合宾语。 名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗

户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. │

及物

│

宾语

│

宾补 1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色 3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。 4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。

3 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想 6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去 7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。 8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽

车。 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短

这些句子除了基本

句型的成分不变外

通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语

modifier 而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词

主要是形容词、副

词和数词

也可以是各种类型的短语

主要是介词短语、不定式短语

和分词短语

。我们称之为

定语、状语 一、

定语

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句

子

汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修

饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时

如 something、nothing 或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时

则定语通常置后。副词用

作定语时须放在名词之后。

形容词作定语 The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy blue修饰名词pen. / 小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词 Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语 His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。

There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。

介词短语作定语 The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一

支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的

三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语 The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语 The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。

不定式作定语 The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。

分词

短语

作定语 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要

一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。

定语从句 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在

阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。

二、状语

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句

说明方式、因果、

条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 状语在句子中的位置很灵活

常见情况为

通常在句子基本结构之

后

强调时放在句首

修饰形容词或副词时

通常位于被修饰的词之前 4 表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头

强调时放在句首

地

点状语一般须在时间状语之前

一些表示不确定时间

如 often 或程

度

如 almost 的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后 动词之前。

有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义

应注意

如 The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘ 此时in the classroom为girl的定语

也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’ 此

时in the classroom为地点状语

最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls

the girl.\' 副词

短语

作状语 The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。

程度状语 The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他

母亲买的那支钢笔。

宾语较长则状语前置 The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。

程度状语 The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。

时间状语 介词短语作状语 In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里

男孩

需要一支钢笔。

地点状语 Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩

子.(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学

生.(时间状语) 分词

短语

作状语 He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。

表示伴随状态 Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业 男孩需要一支笔。

原因状语 Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./ 因为

受了惊吓

他无声地坐在那

儿。

原因状语 不定式作状语 The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。

目的状语 To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为

实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语 Come this way!/走这条路

方向状语 状语从句 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状

语从句 、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句

三、同位语

同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加

以说明的成分

近乎于后置定语。如 We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语

都是指同一批

‘学生’

We all are students. / (all是we的同位语

都指同样的‘我们’

四、独立成分

有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分 称为句子独立成分(注意

区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词 oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语

称呼人的用语。 插入语

一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结

束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气

多作为修饰全句的状语 :perhaps也

许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然

等。

五、分词独立结构

分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语

构成分词独立结构。

5 例 错句 Studying hard,your score will go up. 正确 (1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 解析

错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语

则其逻辑主语就是句子

的主语

既your score . 显然做study的应是人

不应是your score 分

数 . 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为

you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结

构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的

场合不能省略. 如 Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导 作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词

还可以用不定式、形容词、

介词短语、副词或名词等。

如 With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做

他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了

戴着一付眼镜。

注意

此句on his nose不可省略

句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 4分 4分钟 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 10分 10分钟 ① I don't like the picture on the wall.

A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨ He is interested in music.

A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 10分 10分钟 ① My brother hasn't done his homework.

6 ② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas"

really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语 5分 5分钟 ① The old man was feeling very tired.

② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 6分 6分钟 ① They use

Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 6分 6分钟 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the

reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

(七) 挑出下列句中的状语 8分 8分钟 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 5分 5分钟 ① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

7 ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

答案

(一)① teacher ② man ③ dictionary

④ To do

(二)① B② A

③ C ④ A

⑤ C

⑥ C ⑦ D

⑧ C⑨

A⑩ A

(三)①homework. ②English. ③attention

④

words

⑤to go

swimming ⑥ he was ill. ⑦ him monitor

⑧bridge

museum⑨ it school.

⑩ who"Father Christmas"really is.

(四)①tired.

②worried

③yellow.

④interested

⑤the first

(五)① family

②given③third

④ some

⑤ downstairs

⑥ of the other shoe! (六)①to read newspapers and books

②to take the boy

③ difficult ④ Lily

⑤ get on the bus

⑥ playing football

(七)① on her face.

②Every night

③ when he was eleven.

④ too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm

⑥ because

she loves books.

⑦ if you’ve lost it

⑧ to see the other machine. (八)① us, 间接宾语

a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语

③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直

接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语

⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 句子成分练习题( 二 )

指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分 1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .

6.We are sure that we shall succeed . 7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film that I’d like to see.

9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? 10.I have a lot of work to do . 11. Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .

12. I said it in fun . 13. We can send a car over to fetch you . 14. She had to work standing up . 15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried . 16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 17. The bus arrived ten minutes late . 18. We should serve the people heart and soul. 8 19. Spring coming on , the tree turned green . 20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky . 21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting . 22. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .

23. It was in the library that I come today . 24. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .

25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 句子成分