Using LanguageⅡ优秀教学设计

名词性从句有四种：主语从句、宾语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。2010年全国高考的十九套试卷中（其中新课标卷和全国I卷的单项填空相同，广东卷没有单项填空题，湖北卷单项填空题不考语法。）有16题直接考查了名词性从句。由此可见名词性从句是高考的一项重要内容。本文结合高考试题仅就名词性从句的解题技巧从三方面加以描述。

一．名词性从句的连接词的选择：

名词性从句的解题可以从分析从句的句子结构开始，看从句是否缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。缺与不缺这些句子成分决定了名词性从句的两类解题技巧：

一）从句缺少主语、宾语、表语、或定语：

A）如果从句缺少主语或宾语，可根据句意做出如下判断：

如果缺的成分指“人”，就在who, whom, whoever, whomever中选择；如果指一定范围中的哪一个（既可指人，也可指物），则用which或whichever；如果不符合上述两种情况中的任意一种，那么就在what或whatever中选择。如：

1. How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on____ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives. 【四川卷2010】

A. what

B. who

C. how

D. why

答案：B。从句中介词with缺少宾语，而后面的his friends or relatives表明指的是“人”，who可以代替whom作宾语。

2. Before the sales start, I make a list of ____ my kids will need for the coming season. 【山东卷2010】

A. why

B. what

C. how

D. which

【介词宾语从句】

3. A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago. 【天津卷2004】

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. where

【介词宾语从句】

4. Many young people in the West are expected to leave_____ could be life’s most important decision—

marriage—

almost entirely up to luck. 【江苏卷2009】【宾语从句】

A. as

B. that

C. which

D. what

5. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. 【上海卷2004】【介词宾语从句】

A. as

B. which

C. what

D. that

6. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know_____ it takes to start a business here. 【天津卷2010】

A. how

B. what

C. when

D. which

【宾语从句】

7. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have ____ we have here and treat food nicely. 【福建卷2010】

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. whether

【宾语从句】

8. ____ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. 【北京卷2010】

A. Whether

B. What

C. That

D. How

【主语从句】

9. See the flags on top of the building? That was ____ we did this morning. 【全国卷2006】

A. when

B. which

C. where

D. what

【表语从句】

10. Do you have any idea____ is actually going on in the classroom? 【辽宁卷2005】

A. that

B. what

C. as

D. which

【同位语从句】

答案：上述2到10题的从句中或缺主语或缺宾语，根据上文所讲的解题规则，很容易得出准确答案，所有答案均为what。

11. It was a matter of ____ would take the position. 【上海卷1998】

A. who

B. whoever

C. whom

D. whomever

12. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions _____ had used the products. 【重庆卷2010】

A. whoever

B. who

C. whichever

D. which

答案：11. A 12. A。上述10，11两题中的宾语从句都缺主语且指“人”，11题介词of的宾语是后面的句子，所以要用who；12题考查的首先是一个短语“ask sb. for sth”所以所要填的的连接词既是ask的宾语，又是had used的主语，当连接词“一身兼两职”时应用whoever。这里考查的知识是who与whoever；whom与whomever；which和whichever的区别。其区别如下：

who, whom,只作从句的句子成分，而whoever, whomever, “一身兼两职”，既是主句的句子成分又做从句的句子成分，通常可将其分解成any person who, any person whom。which和

whichever的区别等同于上述两对词。

13. ----How about camping this weekend, just for a change?

----OK, _____ you want. 【浙江卷2010】

A. whichever

B. however

C. whatever

D. whoever

14. ____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. 【辽宁卷2006】

A. What

B. Who

C. Whatever

D. Whoever

答案：13. C 14.A。上述两题考查的是what与whatever的区别与联系。13题的意思是you can do whatever you want。其实，这里的whatever是可以换成what的，只不过前者的语气更强，显然在名词性从句中两词的语法功能是一样的，都是“一身兼两职”。但14题明显考查what与whatever的区别，这种区别只能是语义上的，what指“具体的某一件事”（如14题），而whatever则指“无论什么，任何事情”。由此可见当一个句子能表达这两种含义时，选择哪一个没有语法上的区别而只是语气不同罢了。

【注】名词性从句缺宾语时，若表示“来自于何处？”要用“where”。如：

1. I don’t know where he comes from.

【宾语从句】

2. Where he comes from is not known to us.

【主语从句】

3. What I want to know is where he comes from.

【表语从句】

B）名词性从句缺表语：

从句缺表语比上述情况复杂一些，根据句意分析，如果需要使用连接代词的话，判断选择的方法与上述方法相同，另外如果表达“谁的？”这一所属关系时则用whose (如：I don’t know whose this book is.)。如：

15. I read about it in some book or other. Does it matter ____ it was? 【北京卷2006】

A. were

B. what

C. how

D. which

16. ----Can you do me a favor?

----It depends on ____ it is. 【北京卷2006】

A. which

B. whichever

C. what

D. whatever

17. I want to be liked and loved for _____ I am inside. 【北京卷2010】

A. who

B. where

C. what

D. how

18. Engines are to machines ____ hearts are to animals. 【山东卷2006】

A. as

B. that

C. what

D. which

答案：15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C。选择方法上文已经讲过，在此不再赘述。

如果不能使用连接代词，则根据语义选择适当的连接副词，如Please tell me who/what/where/how he is一句中的几个连接词都是正确的，具体用哪一个要看上下文。

C）名词性从句缺定语：

名词性从句缺定语如果指“谁的？”则用whose，如：I don’t know whose book this is.

如果指“什么的？”则用what或whatever，如：I don’t care what person you’d like to make friends with.或You can make friends with whatever person you like. 再如：

19. It is uncertain_____ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. 【浙江卷2010】

A. that

B. what

C. how

D. whether

该题表达的是“什么样的”，所以答案为B。

如果指“哪一个？”则用which或whichever。如：

20. ____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. 【山东卷2006】

A. No matter what

B. No matter which

C. whatever

D. whichever

答案：20. D。which与whichever之间语法上的区别和who与whoever, whom与whomever相同，whichever可解释为any person who/any thing which。

二）如果名词性从句中不缺少上述成分，则根据句意有无疑问将连接词的选择分成两种情况：

A）从句语义是确定无疑的，则用that。

1. It never occurred to me ____ you could succeed in persuading him to change. 【陕西卷2010】

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. if

【主语从句】

2. _____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one

aspect. 【上海卷2002】

A. What

B. That

C. This

D. Which

3. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _____ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 【北京卷2010】

A. what

B. that

C. why

D. whether 【表语从句】

4. One reason for her reference for city life is____ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. 【上海卷2010】

A. that

B. how

C. what

D. why

【表语从句】

5. We should consider the students’

request____ the school library provide more books on popular science. 【重庆卷2009】

A. that

B. when

C. which

D. where

【同位语从句】

6. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. 【湖南卷2007】

A. why

B. that

C. when

D. where

【宾语从句】

7. I know nothing about the young lady_____ she is from Beijing. 【上海卷2000】

A. except

B. except for

C. except that

D. besides 【介词宾语从句】

答案：1—5 CBBAA 6—7 BC。上述七个从句都是毫无争议、确定无疑的事实陈述。

注释：that不能省略的几种情况：

①

that从句作介词宾语时不能省略；

②

一个动词（如：例6中的checked）带上两个或两个以上的that宾语从句时要么每个that都不省略，至少最后的that不能省略。

③

that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时通常不省略。

B）从句语义不确定有两种情况：两者选其一，在宾语从句从句中应在whether和if 中选一个，其它名词性从句只能用whether；在事物的某一方面有疑问则在连接副词when, where, why, how等连词中进行选择。

1. I want to know____ the thief was caught on the spot. 【上海卷2005】

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. whether

2. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ____ it is rough or smooth. 【天津卷2005】

A. /

B. whether

C. how

D. what

3. We haven’t settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad. 【江苏卷2006】

A. if

B. where

C. whether

D. that

4. _____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. 【全国卷1992】

A. Whenever

B. If

C. Whether

D. That

答案：1—4 DBCC。根据句意上述四题表示的都是正反两方面的选择。

注释：whether和if

①

whether和if在宾语从句中存在着互换的可能，但当whether用作介词宾语时（如：例3）或与or连用时（如：例2），不能换成if。

②

whether引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时不能换成if。

5. We haven’t discussed yet ____ we are going to place our new furniture. 【全国卷I2010】

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. where

6. ----Have you finished the book? ----No. I’ve read up to ____ the children discover the secret cave. 【全国卷II2010】

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. where

7. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_____ she was so angry. 【湖南卷2010】

A. where

B. whether

C. that

D. why

8. ----I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.

----That’s _____ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life. 【江苏卷2010】

A. where

B. how

C. when

D. what

9. A good friend of mine from ____ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.

【安徽卷2009】

A. how

B. whom

C. when

D. which

10. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor____ this shaking had begun half a year before, and ____, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job. 【重庆卷2005】

A. when; how

B. how; when

C. how; how

D. why; why

答案：5. D 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. C。解决这类题目的关键有两个，一是充分借助题干的句子结构分析和选项的提示，比如第五题，从句不缺主语、宾语、表语和定语，所以B和C都是不对的，自然谈到“讨论”就意味着事情并没有定下了，是不确定的，因此A不对，所以答案自然是D。

二是是读懂句意，确定说话人想要询问或表达的究竟是哪一方面的事情。如第10题，时间状语half a year before明确表明when是不对的，因此可以排除A和B；根据语境，“病人”是不可能知道“this shaking had begun”的原因的，所以可以排除D。

另外，有时when和where并不表达明显的疑问，二是表达具体的时间与地点，如第9题。

二．名词性从句的语序：

名词性从句中是陈述句语序，确切的说是连接词后跟上一个陈述句语序的句子。至于连接词选用则上文所讲的相关原则。如：

1. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ____. 【上海卷2006】

A. who is he

B. who he is

C. who is it

D. who it is

2. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter____ I’m talking to. 【广东卷2004】

A. who is it

B. who it is

C. it is who

D. it is whom

3. These shoes look very good. I wonder____. 【上海卷2006】

A. how much cost they are

B. how much do they cost

C. how much they cost

D. how much are they cost

答案：1. D 2. B 3. C。

三．值得关注的几个问题：

一）感叹词引导的宾语从句：

1. Parents are taught to understand____ important education is to their children’s future. 【广东卷2004】

A. that

B. how

C. such

D. so

2. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize____ silly mistakes I had made. 【湖南卷2005】

A. what

B. that

C. how

D. which

答案：1. B 2. A。

二）because, as if 引导的表语从句：

1. We have missed the bus. It looks _____ we’ll have to walk home.

A. that

B. likely

C. even if

D. as if

2. A woman said her husband follows her everywhere but to the bathroom and that’s____ she locks the bathroom door.

A. why

B. because

C. since

D. for

答案：1. D 2. B

跟踪练习

1. It is also announced ______ 8,700 people would be laid off and ______ operating costs would be cut by 15 percent by 2010.

A. /; that B. that; / C. /; / D. that; that

2. Death is a part of life. _____ is important is ____ you have achieved something meaningful when you are alive.

A. What; if

B. What; whether

C. That; if

D. That; whether

3. For a lot of companies, China is _____ they’re making money.

A. where

B. in which

C. there

D. a place

4. The physical aspects of the girl will play an import role in _____ I pick for my wife.

A. who

B. whom

C. what

D. which

5. ----That story has been done so many times that it has lost its humor.

----That’s _____ you’re wrong.

A. why

B. how

C. where

D. because

6. I want to do ____ it takes to make our marriage work. Do you?

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. as

7. Mama, I want to tell you something. _____ I promised, I have done.

A. As

B. That

C. Which

D. What

8. I understand not only ____ you have studied Chinese but also ____ you have written Chinese poetry.

A. that; that

B. /; /

C. that; /

D. /; that

9. As we walked, I discovered ____ her name was Laura and ____ her apartment was only two blocks from my college.

A. that; where

B. /; /

C. that; /

D. /; that

10. Herman wanted to provide the kids with ____ they were missing----a childhood, a secure home and a family that loved them.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. /

11. I turned downhill to face him and saw that a rock the size of a football had crashed into the snow a few feet from ____ he stood.

A. where

B. which

C. there

D. the place

12. He was a big blond kid wearing _____ appeared to be a bright red shirt.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. something

13. You can choose _____ of them you like best.

A. which

B. whichever

C. what

D. whatever

14. Unlike _____ many people think, Liu holds that Chinese students should not stop at rediscovering ancient traditions and classics.

A. how

B. what

C. that

D. /

15. In many people’s minds, unlicensed clinics are ____ illegal doctors make money at the expense of patients’

lives.

A. where

B. in which

C. the place

D. there

16. ____ worried Ding Shuibo most was the fact ____ his fellow villagers had all started their shoe business.

A. It; that B. That; that C. What; which D. What; that

17. I didn’t know _____ was bothering him more----the pain in his head or having to stay in bed.

A. what

B. which

C. who

D. whether

18. Don’t you remember ____ we were little? You used to read me books all the time.

A. that

B. while

C. when

D. how

19. I think this is the proper place and time for ____ gives us pleasure and amusement.

A. whatever;

B. no matter what

B. whichever;

D. no matter which

20. At _____ seemed to him the proper time, Ciacco went to Corso’s home and found him there with some of his neighbors.

A. it

B. that

C. what

D. which

21. Choose one of them, and _____ you choose is yours to keep.

A. what

B. which

C. whatever

D. whichever

22. I hate careless people. That is _____ I like you.

A. because

B. why

C. where

D. for which

23. ----What is the matter with you?

----Nothing,____ I am in a hurry.

A. except B. except that C. except for D. besides

24. Thanks to the wonders of the internet, these two women find each other and decide____ they need is a place to spend Christmas _____ won’t remind them how miserable（悲惨）

they are.

A. that what; that

B. what ; were

C. that;; what

D. what; what

25. My father was a republican all his life. It was____ they shot him.

A. for that.

B. for which

C. because that

D. because which

26. I’ve always been pretty good at math and design, but I didn’t understand____ that could take me.

A. what

B. that

C. where

D. how

27. I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgment of my abilities, but simply as an indication____ I should study more.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. why

28. She was alone but not as unhappy as before _____ she had seen.

A. because; what

B. because of; what

C. because; that

D. because of; which

29. I took the material home, not sure____ I would_____.

A. what; do with B. how; do with

C. what; do with it D. how; do with it

30. Generally speaking, ads focus on_____ products do or on_____ they make us feel.

A. what; what

B. what; how

C. how; how

D. how; what

31. A woman said her husband follows her everywhere but to the bathroom and that’s____ she locks the bathroom door.

A. why

B. because

C. since

D. for

32. Robert now looked past the table to____ the wife of Pablo was standing by the fire.

A. which

B. there

C. where

D. that

33. Everyone has problems. It’s _____ you do about them_____ counts.

A. that; that B. that; what C. what; that D. what; what

34. This time we are really one world, 10 times more than ____ we were last fall.

A. what

B. that

C. who

D. how

35. We have missed the bus. It looks _____ we’ll have to walk home.

A. that

B. likely

C. even if

D. as if

1—5 DBABC 6—10 ADADB 11—15 ACBBA 16—20 DBCAC 21—25 DBBAA 26—30 CABCB 31—35 BCCAD