Grammar and usage(1): Direct speech and reported speech优质课教案

英语必修4译林牛津Unit 1教案（5）Grammar（1）

Period 6 Grammar and usage

Ⅰ

Teaching goals Help the Ss to learn how to change direct speech into reported speech.

Teaching important points The changes the Ss should pay attention to when they change direct speech into reported speech.

Teaching difficult points Pay attention to the changes in sentence structures, personal pronouns, tenses, adverbials of time and place and so on.

Teaching methods Explaining and practicing.

Teaching aids

A projector and some slides.

课前训练

I usually doubt about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, 1 was struck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children between 9 and 17 have a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.

Why are America’s kids so stressed? The report

cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation (孤独)

brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.来源:Z*xx*k.Com]

Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation to cope.来源学科网ZXXK]

At the top of the list,nurturing (培育) is a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress. - 1 -

To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later.They will then have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.

Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.

Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.

Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you deal with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable,but it doesn’t have to ruin your life. 31.What does the author thinks of the conclusion that people in America are unhappier than 50 years ago?

B. Confusing

C. Illogical

D. Questionable A. Surprising

【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据surprising令人吃惊的；confusing令人困惑的；illogical不合唱里的；

questionable可疑的。I usually doubt about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.作者对于调查结果持怀疑的态度，故选D。

32.What does the author mean by saying “ we can’t turn the clock back(Para. 3)?

A. It’s impossible to slow down the pace of the change.

B. The social reality children are facing cannot be changed. C. Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten. D. It’s impossible to forget the past.

【答案】B 【解析】句意理解题。根据adults can still do plenty to help the next generation to cope.孩子们面临的社会不能被改变，故选B。

33. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children 50 years ago

__________. A. were less isolated physically

B. were probably less self-centered C. probably suffered less from anxiety D. were considered less individualistic - 2 -

【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s今天的孩子比50年前的孩子压力大，故选C。

34.What is the first and most important thing parents should do to help their children? A. To provide them with a safer environment. B. To lower their expectations for them. C. To get them more involved socially.

D. To set a good model for them to follow. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.父母应该让孩子多参加社会活动，故选C。

35.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Anxiety, though always unavoidable, can be coped with. B. Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated(夸大). C. Children’s anxiety can be removed with more parental care.

D. Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature. 【答案】C 【解析】推理判断题。根据Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable,在父母的关怀下孩子们的焦虑是可以消除的，故选C。

来源:Zxxk.Com]

Teaching procedures and ways Step I Presentation Demonstrate a pair of sentences on the screen and ask the Ss to speak out the differences between them.

Sentence l: She said. “China has been using PSAs to educate people. ’’

Sentence 2: She said that China had been using PSAs to educate people.

T: Please look at the two sentences. And can you tell the differences between them? S1: There is a quotation mark in Sentence 1, but not any in Sentence 2.

T: Quite good. Anything else? Other differences? - 3 -

S2: Sentence 1 tells us what exactly she has said, so there are quotation marks fn the sentence, but Sentence 2 just repeats what she said without using the exact words.

T: Exactly. So we call Sentence l a direct speech, while Sentence 2 a reported speech. We use direct speech to report what exactly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks. However, we often prefer to use reported speech or indirect speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words.

Demonstrate the two sentences on the Bb.

Direct speech: She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people. ’’

Reported speech: She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.

Step 2 Explanation T: We’ve learned what direct speech and reported speech are, but do you know how to change direct speech into reported speech? Now read the instructions and examples in Point 2 and you will find how.

After the Ss finish reading.

T: So the structure is changed when we change direct speech into reported speech. Are there any other changes when we try to change direct speech into reported speech? OK, let’s read the instructions in Point 3.

More explanations are shown below.

直接引语和间接引语

一、直接引语和间接引语的区别与联系

直接引语就是直接引用别人的原话, 并在原话前后加引号；间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话, 多数以宾语从句的形式构成, 不加引号而多用连词that引导宾语从句。

二、直接引语变间接引语

直接引语变间接引语有人称和物主代词的变化、时态的变化、指示代词的变化以及时间和地点状语的变化。

1. 人称的变化: 主语为第一人称时, 转变为间接引语之后, 人称要作相应的调整。

如: She said, “I am tired.” →

She said that she was tired.

The headmaster said to us: “You must study hard now.”

→The headmaster told us that we had to study hard then.

2. 时态的变化: 直接引语变为间接引语时, 间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律- 4 -

是:

直接引语

间接引语

一般现在时

一般过去时

一般过去时

过去完成时

一般将来时

过去将来时

现在进行时

过去进行时

现在完成时

过去完成时

过去完成时

过去完成时

将来进行时

过去将来进行时

将来完成时

过去将来完成时

She said. ‘‘I am your mother’s friend. ”→She said that she was my mother’s friend.

The teacher said, “We shall have finished the whole textbook by the end of this term.”

→The teacher said that they would have finished the whole textbook by the end of that term.

注意:

A. 直接引语为客观真理时, 间接引语时态不变, 仍用一般现在时。

如: The teacher said, “All the planets move round the sun.”

→The teacher said that all the planets move round the sun.

B. 直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体的过去时间状语连用时, 间接引语仍为一般过去时。

如: She said, “1 went to England in 1998. ”

→She said that she went to England in 1998.

C. 主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 间接引语的时态不变。

He says. “I bought you something nice yesterday.”

→He says that he bought me something nice yesterday.

D. 如果在当地转述, come不必改成go, here也不必改成there；如果在当天转述, yesterday,

tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

E. 直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语用what或

how 引导，也可以用that引导。

She said,“What a lovely day it is!”

→She said what a lovely day it was./ She said that it was a lovely day. T: Ok. I’ll give you more examples to help you understand the instructions.

Give the Ss more sentences She said, “I am listening to the weather report. ’’

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→She said that she was listening to the weather report. He said. “I have finished my homework.”来源学§科§网

→He said that he had finished his homework.

He said, “1 will do the experiment at three in the afternoon.”

→He said that he would do the experiment at three in the afternoon.

“Light travels at great speed,” he said.

→He said that light travels at great speed.

The teacher said, “The world is made up of matter.”

→The teacher said that the world is made up of matter.

3. 指示代词以及时间和地点状语的变化是:

指示代词来源:Zxxk.Com]直接引语

this these 间接引语

that those then that day that night that week (year, term) the day before the week (year, term) before two years before the next (following)day the next week (year, term) there go take 时间状语

now today tonight this week (year, term) yesterday last week (year, term) two years ago tomorrow next week (year, term) 地点状语

动词

here come bring e.g.

She said. “These exercises are easy.”→She said that those exercises were easy.

The secretary said, “I

haven’t received the letter today.”

→The secretary said that she hadn’t received the letter that day.

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He said. “Now it is your turn.”

→He said that then it was my turn.

He said. “I shall come back next week.”→He said he would come back the next week.

She said. “1 will come here this afternoon.”→She said that she would go there that afternoon.

Step 3 Practice Let the Ss complete the memo on Page 9. This exercise will help the Ss review and practice the rules of changing direct speech into reported speech.

T: After so many explanations, let’s do some practice. Complete the memo according to the advertisement. Pay attention to the tenses, personal pronouns and adverbial of time and place.

First read the advertisement and get familiar with it.

After the Ss finish the exercise, check the answers.

Answers on P9: 1. was 2. would be 3. had read 4. that 5. would 6. had bought 7. that 8. would 9. those 10. her Step 4 Consolidation Give the Ss more exercises to help them practice using direct speech and indirect speech.

T: I’ll give you some exercises to check how well you’ve learned the usage of direct speech and reported speech. Look at the screen, please. Some of them are reported speech, try to change them into direct speech.

Show the Ss some sentences on the screen.

Change the following sentences into direct speech or reported speech. 1. “I will never forget the interesting lesson,” said Paul.

2. Steve told Joe that he liked singing.

3. “I’m very glad to visit your factory,” said the visitor.

4. The woman told us that she did not like American movies very much.

5. The teacher told the students that they were going to have a meeting at three.

6. “Mum has gone to the market,” the daughter said to the father.

7. She said, “1 will try to finish reading the book by the end of the week. ’’

8. She said to me, “You have to improve your spoken English.’’

Give the Ss several minutes to finish the exercise.

The teacher move around to see how they are going along.

After several minutes, check the answers with the Ss.

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Step 5 Summary and Homework T: In this period we have learned how to change direct speech into reported speech, and we must pay attention to the major changes in the sentence structures, personal pronouns, tenses, adverbials of time and place and other cases. After class, please go over the instructions in Grammar and usage and keep them in mind.

Record after teaching:

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