Grammar优秀教案案例

非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的概念

动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do

2、动词的ing : doing

3、

动词的过去分词：done 二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）

不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。

三、非谓语动词的时态和语态

不定式

主动

被动

ing 形式

主动

被动

过去分词

被动

一般式

to do to be done doing being done done 完成式

to have done to have been done having done

having been done

进行式

to be doing

四、非谓语动词的否定形式，在前加not, never. 即

not / never to do, not / never doing 五、非谓语动词的复合结构

不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.

动词

ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing) 六、非谓语动词的做题步骤

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了

2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。

3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。

4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用

done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.

一.不定式的用法

1.不定式的构成为

to+do,可以作主语(a)、宾语(b)、表语(c)、定语(d)或是状语(e)：

a．To scold her would not be just. 责备她是不公平的。

b．We are planning to build a reservoir here. 我们计划在这里修一座水库。

C．One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 我们当前的主要任务之一是实现农业机械化。

d．Do you have anything to declare? 你有什么要申报吗? e. We have come to learn from you. 我们是来向你们学习的。

。

还有下面种种形式：

主

动

形

式

被

动

形

式

一般式

to do; to be done; 完成式

to have done; to have been done; 进行式

to be doing; ________ 完成进行式

to have been doing; _________ 2. 作主语、宾语和表语用的不定式

不定式(短语)常用来作主语：

To persevere means victory! 坚持就是胜利！

To ignore this would be a mistake. 忽视这一点是错误的。

但在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，我们常常用代词it来代替它作主语，而把它移到句子后部去，这样使句子显得比较平稳：

It is nice not to be dependent on them. 不依靠他们是好的。

It is not an easy thing to master a language. 学好一种语言是不容易的。

如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：

It is not hard for one to do a bit if good. 一个人做点好事并不难。

不定式用作宾语：

He offered to help us. 他提出要帮助我们。

Mary begged to go with us. 玛丽恳求和我们一道去。

。

能以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise,mean, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, undertake, expect等。

另外，tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget等动词，常用一个带连接代(副)词的不定式作宾语：

They will teach us how to repair farm tools. 他仍将教我们怎样修农具。

We must decide whether to go or stay. 我们得决定去还是留。

He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the words. 听了这话他是啼笑皆非。

不定式作表语: The problem is to find a solution. 问题是得找出一个解决办法。

Her wish was to become an artist. 她的志愿是成为一个艺术家。

3. 作定语用的不定式

a. She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings．

她晚上经常有很多会要开。

Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗? 被修饰词前有序数词和形容词最高级时，常用不定式做后置定语。

He was the last person to leave. 4. 作状语用的不定式

不定式常可用来作状语，修饰动词，表示行为的目的(a)、结果(b)或原因(c)，如：

a．They ran over to welcome the delegates. 他们跑过去欢迎代表们。

b．He made a long speech ,only to show his ignorance of the subject. 他讲了一大段话，结果只暴露出他对这门学科一无所知。（表示意料之外的结果）

C．We all rejoiced to hear of your success．

听说你们成功了我们都很高兴。

另外，不定式也常用在so as (to)或in order (to)后，与它合起来作状语用，表示目的: Let's hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. 咱们快点走，免得开会迟到。

She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决定加紧学习好赶上别人。

In order to achieve this aim, we must learn from other countries. 为了实现这个目标，我们必须向别的国家学习。

5.做宾补

不定式可以和名词(或代词)构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，称为复合宾语：

I didn't expect you to arrive so early. 没想到你来得这么早。

We shouldn't allow such things to happen again. 我们不应允许再发生这样的事。

在很多动词后面都可以有这样的宾语，常见的这类动词有：ask, tell, invite, compel, force, oblige, get, beg, allow, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause, press, urge等。

在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to：

What made you think like that? 是什么使你这样想? Let me do it for you. 让我来替你做。

但这种句子如果变为被动结构。to就不能不要：

She was often seen to act like that．

人们常常看见她这样做。

They were made to work day and night．

他们被迫日夜干活。

注：

在help后，不定式可以带to也可以不带to：

Can anyone help me (to) carry the suitcase upstairs? She will help (to) mend the coat for you. 一。

根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。

1. He was so angry that he couldn't say anything.=He was too angry _______ ______ anything. 2. I don't know when we will have the meeting.= I don't know when _______ _______ the meeting. 3.

He said he would write a letter.=He said he would have a letter ______ _______. 4. That you read English in the morning is very important.

It is very important _____ you _____ _______ English in the morning. 5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. （石头）=He was strong _____ _____ ______ the stone. 6. His father went to Beijing for his holiday.=His father went to Beijing ________ ______ his holiday. 7. They got up early so that they could get there in time.=They got up early _____ ______ _______ ______ there in time. 8. His brother decided that he would buy the book.=His brother decided _____ _______ the book. 9.

He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall.=

He hopes _____ _______ the Great Wall. 10.I saw him go into the room.=He was seen _____ ______ into the room. 11.We made him work five hours a day.=He was made _____ ______ five hours a day. 12.Do you want to say anything for yourself?=Do you have anything _____ _____ for yourself? 13.We don't know what we shall do next.=We don't know what ____ _______ next. 14.I'm very sorry on hearing the bad news.=I'm very sorry _____ _______ the bad news. 15.He stopped and had a look at me.=He stopped _____ ______ a look at me. 16.I helped him with his English.=I helped him _____ ______ English. 17.My father promised （许诺）that he would buy me a bike.=My father promised ____ ______ me a bike. 18.The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.=The box is too heavy ______ me _______ _______. 19.“Lie down! ”the boy said to his dog.=The boy ordered his dog ______ ______ down. 20.“Don't make any noise, ”she said to me.=She told me ______ _______ ________ any noise.

动词Ving形式的用法

一. 功能：V-ing 可以是动名词，常用于做主语，宾语，表语也可以是现在分词，常用作定语，表语，状语和补语。

Seeing is believing.

I like dancing.

It is an interesting story/ this movie is moving./ They came in, talking and laughing./ I saw him playing football there. 二.

形式：一般式：doing /被动式：being done/完成式：having done/ 完成被动式：having been done 1. Ving形式作定语（表示主动进行）

分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：

The man standing by the window is our teacher.

Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building. 2.Ving形式作宾语补足语

1）. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等动词后常用Ving形式作宾语补足语。

例如：

The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那个老板让工人整夜地工作。

We found the old lady lying in bed. 我们发现那老太太躺在床上。

2）. 在感官动词：see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役动词：have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作宾语补足语。不定式（不带to）表示过程或动作完成，Ving形式强调进行或当时情景。例如：

I saw the lady crossing the street.我看见那位妇人在过马路。

We heard her sing two songs.我们听她唱了两首歌。

3.Ving形式作主语

Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语。

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

It is no use arguing with him.和他争论没有用。

Ving形式作主语常用于下列句型：

【句型1】It is + 名词（或形容词）

+ 动名词

It is + no use/no good / a waste of time /so nice +doing that.

1) It’s a waste of time waiting here. 在这里等是浪费时间。

2) It’s so nice talking to you. 很高兴和你谈话。

【句型2】

There is no + 动名词

例如：

There is no stopping of him. 无法阻拦他。

There was no telling of the difference. 无法加以区别。

Ving形式和不定式都可以作主语，Ving形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：

Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）

但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必须用Ving形式。

Ving形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：

Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘记过去就意味着背叛。

（四）Ving形式作表语

Her favorite job is teaching English.

It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story?

(五)Ving形式作宾语

Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作宾语。

He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.他很喜欢足球，我喜欢游泳。

【注意】①admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等动词后可以用Ving形式作宾语，但不能用不定式。

②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等动词可带Ving形式或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。试比较

I remember doing the exercise. 我记得做过练习。I must remember to do it. 我必须记着做这事。

I tried not to go there. 我设法不去那里。I tried doing it again. 我试着又干了一次。

Stop speaking.

不要讲话。

He stopped to talk. 他停下来讲话。

I mean to come early today. 我打算今天来早些。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。

③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用Ving形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后在跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。例如：

We don’t allow smoking here.、We don’t allow students to smoke.

④动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用Ving形式，或不定式的被动式，这时，Ving形式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：

The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned). ⑤在短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel

like, get down to等后的动词也必须用Ving形式。例如：

I look forward to hearing from you soon. ⑥在love, hate, prefer等动词后用Ving形式或不定式无大的区别。但说话人有所指的时候，通常用不定式。

⑦start, begin, continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。

⑧在should (would) like / love等后须用不定式。

四．Ving形式的时态和语态

Ving形式的时态

Ving形式的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果Ving形式的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在

谓语动词以前发生，用Ving形式的一般式。例如：

His coming will be of great help to us.

如果Ving形式的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用Ving形式的完成时态。例如：

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

Ving形式的语态

主语是这个Ving形式所表示的动作的对象时，Ving形式用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成，后一种一般避免使用。例如：

He likes being helped.

He was afraid of being left at home.

在t be worth doing 句型中，Ving形式doing表示的是被动意义。例如：The book is worth reading.

过去分词的用法

一．构成：

动词的过去分词(PP) ,一般就是在动词后面加ed, 不规则动词除外如work-worked-worked/do-did-done/take-took-taken 二．用法：过去分词常做定语，表语，补语和状语（表被动完成）

The USA is a developed country./I was pleased with the job. I found the girl lost./Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks so beautiful. 1.

做表语

及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2过去分词作定语

作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大获成功。3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. (1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 过去分词作状语

3. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.) (2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.) 3. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶. 过去分词作宾语补足语

(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类: 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;) (2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found) 2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. with +宾语+宾补"结构

"with +宾语+宾补"结构中,宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.其中to do表示将来，doing,表示主动进行，done表示被动完成例如: (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4)with the matter to settle, we all stayed in the office.事情有待解决，我们都还在办公室。(表原因) (5) He stood for an instant with his hand waving in the air. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿. 1. This company was the first ____ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing

B. to produce

C. having produced

D. produced 2. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left. A .to tell

B .to be told

C .telling

D .told 3. You were silly not _______your car. A. to lock

B. to have locked

C. locking

D. having locked 4. The teacher asked us ______so much noise. A .don’t make

B. not make

C. not making

D .not to make

5. The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success. A. to take place

B. to be taken place

C. to have taken place

D. being taken place 6. As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time. A. and finished

B. to finish

C. and finishing

D. to finished 7. I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time. A. to have not

B. to not have

C. not to have

D. not having 8. We are not allowed __________ outdoors with some other children.

A. playing

B. to be playing

C. to play

D. be playing 9.I lost my way in complete darkness and, _________ matters worse, it began to rain.

A. made

B. having made

C. making

D. to make 10. With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled

B. settling

C. to settle

D. being settled 11. --- Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?

--- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener. A. to change; to be

B. to change; being

C. changing; being

D. changing; to be 12. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.

A. Having stolen

B. Having been stolen

C. Stolen

D. Stealing 13. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door. A. Seen; painted

B. Seeing; painted C. Being seen; being painted

D. Seeing; being painted 14. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put

B. to be putting

C. to put

D. putting 15. To answer correctly is more important than _____. A. that you finish quickly

B. finishing quickly

C. to finish quickly

D. finish quickly 16. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road. A. to be stuck

B. stuck

C. sticking

D. stick 17. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river. A. to have discovered

B. to have been discovered

C. to discover

D. having been discovered 18. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _____ on the screen. A. to fix

B. to be fixed

C. fixed

D. fixing 19. _____, the subject was always in my mind. A. Walking or sleeping

B. Walking or slept

C. Having walked or slept

D. To walk and sleep 20. When he came to, he found himself _____ on a chair, with his hands _____ back. A. to sit; tying

B. sitting; tying

C. seating; tied

D. seated; tied 21. The joke told by Tom made us _____, so the teacher couldn’t make himself _____.

A. to laugh; hearing

B. laughing; heard

C. laughing; hear

D. laughed; heard 22. Henry can’t attend the party _____ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party _____ at Marie’s house tomorrow.

A. held; being held

B. to be held; to be held C. to be held; held

D. being held; to be held 24. Don’t worry. I’ll have it _____ and get someone _____ it to you tomorrow.

A. typed; send

B. to type; to send

C. type; send

D. typed; to send 25. The sun was shining brightly, _____ everything there _____ more beautiful. A. making; look

B. to make; looked

C. and made; looking

D. and making; be looked