Learning about Language课堂实录

Section_ⅡWarming Up & Reading — Language Points

1．literary adj.文学的；从事写作的

AhQ is a literary figure. 阿Q是一个文学形象。

Our professor is a literary authority. 我们的教授是一位文学权威。

literature n．

literally adv. 文学；文学作品；文献；著作

字面上；按字面；逐字地；真正地

Newspapers are not literature; you usually read them only once. 报纸不是文学作品，你通常看一遍就不再看了。

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翻译句子

(1)Dickens’

A

Tale

of

Two

Cities is a literary classic. 狄更斯的《双城记》是一部文学名著。

(2)他热衷于中国古典文学。

He_is_crazy_about_Chinese_classical_literature. 2. consensus n．共识；共同意见

There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue. 对这个问题的看法日趋一致。

reach a consensus on

在……方面达成共识

The two parties have reached a consensus on a new national pensions system. 这两个政党就新的养老金制度达成了一致意见。

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The government is also undertaking important educational work based_on_the_consensus_of(建立在……共识基础上) the members that the best form of conservation is the prevention of damage. 3. equality n．平等；【数】相等；等式

Women are still struggling for true equality with men. 妇女仍在争取与男人真正平等。

Today, we are going to learn equality and inequality. 今天我们将学习等式与不等式。

be on an equality (with)

与……平等

equal adj. be equal to equally adv. 平等的

与……相等；胜任

平等地；平均地

All men are equal before the law. 法律面前人人平等。

Let the line AB be equal to the line CD. 设线段AB等于CD。

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完成句子

(1)Bill and Bob shared_the_work_equally (平分工作) between them. (2)I’m sure Barbara is_quite_equal_to (完全胜任) the task. 4．contradiction n．矛盾；不一致；否认；反驳

To deny contradiction is to deny everything. 否认事物的矛盾，就是否认了一切。

Is it a contradiction to love animals and yet wear furs? 又爱护动物又穿皮毛服装是矛盾的吗？

in contradiction with

in contradiction to

contradict vt. contradictory adj. 与……相抵触

反之；与……相反；

同……矛盾

反驳；否认；相矛盾

互相矛盾的；抵触的；反驳的

The two statements contradict each other. 这两种说法互相矛盾。

What a contradictory theory! 多么矛盾的理论啊！

[即境活用4]

一句多译

你今天的声明与你昨天所说的话相互矛盾。

(1)Your statements today are_in_contradiction_with/to what you said yesterday. (2)Your statements today contradict what you said yesterday. 5．limitation (1)n.[C]限制；限度；局限；局限性；不足之处；不利之处

One should realize one’s limitations. 一个人应该明白自己的不足之处。

(2)n.[U]限制(指限制的动作或过程) Age is no limitation to this kind of job.

做这种工作没有年龄限制。

limit vt.

limit ... to ... beyond the limit within the limits of set a limit to sth. there is a/no limit to limited adj. be limited to sth. 限制；限定n.界限；限度

把……限制在……内

超过限度

在……范围内

对……规定限度

对……是有限的/无限的

有限的

受限制于……

I believe teaching should not be limited to the classroom. 我认为教学不应该局限在教室里。

There is a limit to one’s life, but no limit to serving the people. 一个人的生命是有限的，但是为人民服务是无限的。

He was born in a poor family, and only received limited education in his childhood. 他出生在一个贫困家庭中，童年时期仅仅接受了有限的教育。

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介词填空

(1)In my opinion, you had better set a limit to the expense of your trip. (2)I’ll help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do. (3)Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged. 6．explicit adj.直率的；明确的；清楚的

They were explicit in their criticism. 他们直截了当地表达了他们的批评。

The doctor gave me explicit instructions on when and how to take the medicine. 大夫详细地告诉我该何时服药以及如何服药。

to be explicit about sth. implicit (反义词)adj. 对某事直言不讳；对某事态度鲜明

暗示的；含蓄的；固有的

She was quite explicit about why she left. 她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。

Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。

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完成句子

(1)We should have some explicit_learning_aims (明确的学习目标) in a short time. (2)He gave me explicit_directions (详细的指导) on how to operate the household

robot. 7．ambiguous adj.含糊的；模糊的

This is an ambiguous sentence. 这是一个含意不清的句子。

Your statement of purpose is ambiguous, so we don’t understand what you intend to do. 你的目的陈述得不够清楚，因此我们不明白你想干什么。

vague, ambiguous (1)vague adj.含混的；不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。

She is so vague that I can never understand what she is trying to say. 她说话含含糊糊，我怎么也听不明白她想说些什么。

(2)ambiguous adj.意义含糊的；有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。

His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take. 他模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑，以至于我们不知道这两条路该走哪条了。

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Jane is not honest and tends to hide her opinion.She would give you an_ambiguous_suggestion (一个含糊的建议) about it. 8．injustice n．不公平；非正义

We must fight against injustice. 我们必须维护正义。

do sb.an injustice

justice n. unjust adj. 使某人受屈；冤枉某人

正义；公平

不公平的

With justice on your side, you can go anywhere; without it, you can’t take a step. 有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行。

The system is corrupt and unjust. 这个体制腐败而不公平。

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翻译句子

He is bold enough to attack social injustices.

他敢于抨击社会上的不公正现象。

1．in force有效的；在实施中；大规模地；大批地

The new safety regulations are now in force. 新的安全规则现已生效。

On the day the school was opened to visitors, and all the parents turned out in force. 学校对来访者开放的那一天，所有的家长成群地去了。

put/carry/bring sth.into force

使……开始生效；实施

come into force by force 开始生效

靠武力；强行

A new law will be brought into force next year. 一项新法律将于明年开始实施。

When do the new class rules come into force? 新的班规何时生效？

The police seized that murder by force. 警察用武力抓住了那个杀人犯。

[即境活用9]

用force的相关短语填空

(1)In the history of America, people moved to the west by_force (强行) to open it up. (2)When will the new regulations be_put/carried/brought_into_force (实施；生效)? (3)The new agreement will be in_force (有效) next month. 2．get round(＝get around)顺利应付；克服；传播出去；说服；劝说

Let’s try to get round the difficulty. 咱们设法克服困难。

How can we get round that regulation? 我们如何能绕过那条规则呢？

Do not let him get round you. 不要让他说服你。

get round to sth./doing sth.

抽出时间做某事

I can’t find time to get round to this matter. 我腾不出时间来处理这件事。

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介、副词填空

(1)He thinks he is clever and he can get round/around the tax laws. (2)I meant to do the ironing this morning but I didn’t get round to it. 3．see through看穿；识破；帮助……渡过(困难等)；干到底；干完

I can see through you; don’t think you can fool me. 我能看透你，别以为你能愚弄我。

We will see you through the difficulty. 我们会帮助你渡过难关。

She’s determined to see the job through. 她决心把这项工作干到底。

see sb.off

see to sth. 为某人送行

负责；留意；照料

Her aunt was at the airport to see her off. 她姑姑在机场为她送行。

He promised me to see to my pet when I was away.

他答应我当我不在时照看我的宠物。

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完成句子

(1)Can’t you see_through (识破) his lies? (2)Will you see_to_it_that(负责) this letter gets mailed today? 4．struggle against(＝struggle with)与……做斗争；和……斗争

He struggled against cancer for two years. 他同癌症抗争了两年。

We had to struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties. 我们必须与各种困难做斗争。

struggle for ...＝struggle to do sth. 为……而奋斗/努力/争取

Workers, struggle for a clean canteen and healthy food. 工人，为了干净的食堂和健康的食物而斗争。

John struggled to pass the final exam. 约翰为通过期末考试而努力着。

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翻译句子

(1)那两个领导人正在争夺权力。

The_two_leaders_are_struggling_for_power. (2)她努力忍住泪水。

She_struggled_to_keep_back_the_tears.

5．stand out站出来；突出；坚持抵抗；显眼；引人注目

They stood out till victory. 他们坚持到胜利。

Don’t stand out there or you’ll get wet through. 你别站在外边，要不全身都要湿透了。

stand out (from/against sth.)

(在……衬托/对比下)显眼；突出

stand out for sth. stand for stand by 坚决要求某物

代表；主张；支持；容忍；忍受

袖手旁观；无动于衷

The five­star red flag stands out brightly against the blue sky.

五星红旗在蓝天的衬托下显得分外鲜艳。

They were standing out for higher wages. 他们坚持要增加工资。

What do the letters UN stand for? 字母UN代表什么？

I’m not going to stand by and see her hurt. 我不能袖手旁观眼看着她受伤。

[即境活用13]

介、副词填空

(1)She is the sort of person who stands out in a crowd.You can recognize her at first sight. (2)Don’t just stand by. Can’t you lend a hand? (3)People usually eat mooncakes which stand for a happy reunion.

1．Can you believe that_there_used_to_be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses? 你能相信从前社会上存在着反对女子写小说的舆论吗？

(1)句中含有两个that引导的从句。第一个从句是believe的宾语从句；第二个从句是先行词consensus的定语从句。

Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun.(宾语从句) 伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。

The bag that lies on the ground is hers.(定语从句) 地上的那个包是她的。

(2)there used to be ...是there be句型的一种变式

Actually, the Olympic Park is built where there used to be a poor area called

East London. 事实上，奥运会公园建立在一个过去贫穷的东伦敦地区。

类似句型还有：

There happened to be nobody in the room. 碰巧房间里没有人。

There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for. 他们可能会遇到比他们已经预想到的更大的困难。

There seems to be no need to wait longer. 似乎没有必要再等了。

There must be something wrong here. 这儿一定出了什么事。

There lives a family of five in the village. 村子里住着一个五口之家。

There stands the Monument to the People’s Heroes at the center of the Tian’anmen Square. 天安门广场正中心矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。

There goes the bell for the class! 上课铃响了！

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用适当的连接词填空/完成句子

(1)It is the education that/which he received when studying abroad that has made him such an excellent manager. (2)I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. (3)There_used_to_be_an_old_temple (过去有一座古庙) on the hill in my hometown. 2．Clearly this restriction must_have_operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women. 很显然，这种限制在妇女没有平等权利的时期肯定会起作用的。

(1)“must have done”表示对过去发生事情的推测

Look at her new car. She must have earned a lot of money.

看她的新车。她一定赚了不少钱。

(2)“must＋动词原形”表示对现在和将来情况进行推测

—Good morning. I’ve got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. 早上好。我和人力资源部的史密斯小姐有个约会。

—Ah, good morning. You must be Mrs. Peters.

啊，早上好。你一定是彼得斯夫人。

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完成句子

(1)他准是病了。他的脸色如此苍白。

He must_be_ill. He looks so pale. (2)因为无人帮他，他一定是独自完成了那项研究。

Since nobody gave him any help, he must_have_done the research on his own. 3．It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to_marry their daughters well. 这句话就是在调侃那些一心只想把女儿嫁个好人家的妈妈们。

whose引导的定语从句为主系表结构，不定式to marry their daughters well作表语。

不定式作表语常表示具体的、特定的、将来的或有待于实现的行为。

动名词作表语常表示主语的内容，表示抽象的、一般性的行为，不表示动作。

My work this afternoon is to_teach_you_English. 我今天下午的工作就是教你英语。(教英语是暂时的工作) My work is teaching_English. 我的工作是教英语。(教英语是我的职业) [即境活用16]

用所给词的适当形式填空

(1)What I would suggest is to_put(put) off the meeting. (2)What he liked was taking(take) a walk after supper when he was in his thirties.

Ⅰ.单词拼写

1．They won’t give their approval (赞同) to your going there. 2．The two countries have been making an attempt to reach a(n) consensus that they should stop fighting and live in peace. 3．Don’t you believe in equality between men and women? 4．This fairy tale has a sudden twist in the last chapter. 5．Your reply today is in direct contradiction to what you said last week. 6．The doctor said the old man’s condition was hopeless (无望的)．

7．A new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice (偏见)．

8．He is studying literature (文学) in Beijing University now. 9．He knows his limitation_(s) (不足之处)．

10．The famous tennis player is possessed (拥有) of great perseverance. Ⅱ.选词填空

错误! 1．Frankly speaking, your friend has already seen_through you! 2．He booked an air ticket under_the_name_of Mr.Smith. 3．I stand_out in a group interview. 4．The old rules are still in_force. 5．News of the accident soon got_round. Everybody in the company has known it. 6．They had to struggle_against weather and wild animals. Ⅲ.句型转换

1．Perhaps you think that discrimination of this kind was in force a very long time ago. Perhaps you think that discrimination of this kind was effective a very long time ago. 2．She produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems and limitations of women’s choices. She produced six completed novels, all of which are_concerned_with the problems and limitations of women’s choices. 3．He has been struggling against illness for many years. He has been struggling_with illness for many years. 4．Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife. Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in_need_of a wife. 5．It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well. It is laughing_at those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well. Ⅳ.阅读理解

A Science is a major topic in our culture. Since it touches almost every field of our life, educated people need at least some knowledge with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the scientific_subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific ideas is easier to obtain if one knows something about the things that excite and discourage the scientist. This book is written for the person whose knowledge with science is not complete; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty (发霉的) storehouse

of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of tricks; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to add to a course in any science, to come with any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader view on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an idea and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. Besides, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies (哲学) that are deep in our culture. We have tried to present in this book a correct and up­to­date picture of the scientific world and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to include more and more women. This increasing role of women is not just the only event but, rather, part of the trend obvious in all parts of society, as more women enter traditionally male­controlled fields and make influential contributions. We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our method is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a cruel and unpleasant way to earn a living. 1．According to the passage，“scientific

subculture” means “________”．

A．complex situation

C．technical groups

B．scientific society D．knowledge system 解析：选B 推理判断题。从第一段第三句“in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are”及下文的叙述可得出答案。

2．The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who ________. A．have a misunderstanding about science B．are scientists making influential contributions C．want to break the male­controlled world

D．want to have a little understanding of science 解析：选A 细节理解题。从文中第二段第一句“This book is written for the person whose knowledge with science is not complete.”可知。

3．This passage most probably is ________.

A．the introduction of a book B．the information added to a book C．the concluding part of a book D．the review of a book 解析：选A 推理判断题。从内容来看，本文是一本书的序言。本文主要对一本书及其内容及作者写此书的主要意图作了叙述。

4．According to the passage, we can infer that the book probably is ________. A．serious C．interesting B．humorous D．realistic 解析：选C 推理判断题。根据对这本书的介绍可知它有可能很有趣。

B Reuel Tolkien (1892－1973), the British linguist, writer. He created a fantasy novel The

Lord

of

the

Rings

the well­known trilogy (三部曲)．

Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa. When he was 4 years old, his father died and his family moved back to England. Tolkien graduated from Oxford University when he was 23 years old, and participated in the First World War. During the war, Tolkien suffered from “trench fever” and stayed in the hospital until the end of World War Ⅰ. It was the days in the hospital that he began his writing career first. After the war, Tolkien became a linguist. He was an editor of the New

English

Dictionary

of 1918－1920. However, he was more researching into Anglo­Saxon language which makes his extensive contacts in Britain and the Nordic spread all over the folklore and mythology. In 1937, Tolkien completed his first work The

Hobbit. Although this was a fairy tale, it was also suitable for adults to read. Because of good sales, the publisher Allen & Unwin convinced Tolkien to write its sequel. This encouraged Tolkien to complete his most famous works the epic (史诗) trilogy The

Lord

of

the

Rings. The works of writing went on for almost a year with the support from his good friend Lewis. At the beginning The

Lord

of

the

Rings

was similar works for children, but after that writing style quickly became serious and dark. The

Lord

of

the

Rings was one of the most popular literary works in the 20th century in terms of sales and readers’

evaluation. Tolkien’s influence is important, for the success of The

Lord

of

the

Rings makes the fantasy novels of this literature genre (体裁) develop rapidly.

语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了《指环王》的作者瑞尔·托尔金生平。他早年丧父，后来参加了第一次世界大战。战时患上“战壕热”，在医院期间他开始了他的写作生涯。

5．When did Tolkien take part in World War Ⅰ？

A．1896.

C．1916.

B．1915. D．1937. 解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句中的“Reuel Tolkien (1892—1973)”以及第二段的第三句“Tolkien graduated from Oxford University when he was 23 years old, and participated in the First World War.”可知，瑞尔·托尔金生于1892年，他23岁时参加了第一次世界大战；据此可以判断，他是在1915年参加第一次世界大战的，故B项正确。

6．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Tolkien’s father died of “trench fever”.

B．Tolkien wrote the New

English

Dictionary himself. C．The

Lord

of

the

Rings was finished about half a year. D．Tolkien began his writing career in the hospital. 解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句“It was the days in the hospital that he began his writing career first.”可知，瑞尔·托尔金是在医院开始他的写作生涯的，故D项正确。

7．What is Tolkien’s The

Lord

of

the

Rings considered to be? A．The first works of Tolkien. B．Always serious and dark. C．Beneficial to the development of the fantasy novels. D．The most popular literary works in the 20th century. 解析：选C 细节理解题。根据文章的最后一句“Tolkien’s influence is important, for the success of ’The Lord of the Rings’ makes the fantasy novels of this literature genre (体裁) develop rapidly.”可知，“The Lord of the Rings”促进了魔幻小说的快速发展，故C项正确。

8．The word “evaluation” in the last paragraph is close to the meaning of “________”．

A．opinion C．interest B．value D．hobby 解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据本文倒数第二句中的“’The Lord of the Rings’ was one

of the most popular literary works in the 20th century in terms of sales and readers’．..”可知，“The Lord of the Rings”是二十世纪最受欢迎的文学作品之一，这是读者和书商的评价；据此可以判断，画线词意为“评价”，故A项“观点，看法”正确。