Learning about Language课堂实录【2】

英语共三大从句：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句

概念：为什么叫定语从句？它是一个从句；并且在主句中做定语。

一共有两种定语从句：

限制（定）性定语从句（先行词和定语从句之间无逗号）；非限制（定）性定语从句（先行词和定语从句之间有逗号）。

定语从句的几个关键信息

1.必须有先行词（可以是一个名词，一句话，或者一句话的一部分）

2.必须有引导词（引导词在从句中做动词宾语时可以省）

3. 先行词（引导词）在从句中必须做成分

4. 一般放在先行词后面（as 引导的非限制性定从可以放在主句之前）

5. 定语从句的引导词代替其前面的先行词，一般都不翻译

定语从句的引导词：

关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as

关系副词when,where,why 关系代词何时用？当先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，表语或者定语时

关系副词何时用？当先行词在定语从句中充当状语时

that 1.先行词可以是人，也可以是物

2.在定语从句中充当主语，宾语或表语。

3.在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。

4.不做介词的宾语

5.不引导非限制性定语从句

例子：

1.

The woman that burst out of the room just now was angry with you.(指人，做主语）

2.

The city is not the city that it was ten years ago.（指物，做表语）

3.

The magazine (that) I bought yesterday is lost.（指物，做宾语）

4.

John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of that

are family members.（介词后）

5.

That night, that

I’ll tell you about later, we ended up staying in Jane’s home.(非限制性）

which 1.

先行词只能是物；

2.

在从句中做主语或宾语；

3.

做动词的宾语可以省略，但做介词后的宾语时不能省略。

4.

可以引导非限制性定语从句(做宾语时也不能省）。

5.

先行词可以是一个词（限制性定从），也可以是一句话或一句话的一部分（非限制性定从）。

例子：

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The United States is a country which has a short history.(做主语）

7.

I have lost the book （which ）you lent me yesterday.(做动词宾语）

8.

This is the house in which I once lived.(做介词宾语）

9.

As

a child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.(引导非限制性定从，做主语）

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10.

Finally he got the Nobel Prize, which was beyond our expectations.（引导非限制性定从，先行词是一句话）

Who/whom 1.

先行词必须是人；

2.

who在从句中做主语和动词宾语（能省），whom在从句中做动词宾语（能省）和介词的宾语(介词在前面时不能省）; 3.

可引导两种定从。

例子：

4.

After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, who needed clean water and medicine.(做主语）

5.

I know the boy who(whom) you are looking for.(做介词宾语，能省）

6.

The student who(whom) the teacher praised at the class meeting is our monitor.(做动词宾语，能省) 7.

The boy to whom John spoke is my brother.(做介宾，介词在前，不能省）

whose 1.

先行词可以是人，也可以是物；

2.

在从句中做定语，后跟名词；

3.

可以与”the+n.+of whom/which”或“ of whom/which+the+ n.”互换。

4.

可引导两种定从。

例子：

1. This is the woman scientist whose name is known all over the country.(做定语，修饰name,先行词是人)（=the name of whom) 2. Many children, whose parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.(=the parents of whom) 3. He lives in a room whose window faces south.(做定语，修饰window,先行词是物）(=the window of which) When/where/why 1.

先行词是表示时间,地点，原因的词

2.

先行词在从句中做时间状语，地点状语，原因状语

3.

有时可以与”

介词+which ”

互换

4.

引导两种定语从句

例子：

1.

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. = on which 2.

Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, where it will be kept for two or three days. = in which 3.

The reason why he was late for school is that he got up late.= for which where的高级用法：

where在引导定语从句时是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，先行词一般为地点，但有时也可以是表“情况、局面、地步”等意义的词。常见的词有：situation, stage, point，job, position等。如：

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They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 确定关系词的步骤：

选择定语从句关系词时，可采取“先行词还原法”：第一步：准确确定先行词；第二步：将先行词还原到从句中；第三步：观察还原后的先行词在从句中的成分，如果作主语、宾语、表语则选择关系代词，作状语则选择关系副词。如：

The factory we visited last week produces cars. (找到先行词the factory；将the factory还原到从句中：we visited the factory last week；判断出the factory作visit的宾语，因而应选关系代词，又因为关系代词作宾语，可以将that或which省略。) The factory where his father works produces cars.(找到先行词the factory；将the factory还原到从句中：his father works in the factory；判断出in the factory作地点状语，因而应选关系副词where。) 对比几组句子：

1.

I still remember the day when I first came to his school. 2.

I still remember the days (which/that) we spent together in the village. 3.

What’s the name of the place where you spent your holiday last year? 4.

What ‘s the name of the place (that/which) you visited last year. 5.

The reason why he was late is that he got up late. 6.

The reason (that/which) he told me is well-known. 把下面的复合句分成两句话：

They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame。

1.They may start as a group of high-school students 2.For them practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame. 把两个句子用定语从句连接起来：

1.

I grew up in the small village .

2.

I will go back to the small village after graduation.

I will go back to the small village where I grew up after graduation.

as引导的定语从句：

1.

as是关系代词，在定从中做主语

，宾语，表语。

2.

可以引导两种定语从句。

3.

引导限制性定从时先行词是一个词，并且先行词必须由such,so,as,the same修饰。

4.

引导非限制性定从时先行词是一句话，或一句话的一部分，可以翻译成“正如，就像”。

5.

位置比较灵活，可以放在主句之前，之后，之中，要与主句用逗号隔开

例子：

1.I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是such stories。) 2. He is so kind a boy as is liked by all of us. (as 在定从中做主语，先行词是a boy, 由so修饰了）

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易混点：such/so…that 句式与such/so…as的区别

so/such...that...与so/such...as...进行区分时，注意观察从句中是否缺主语、宾语或表语。

It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home. 天气太坏，以至于我不得不呆在家里。(that引导结果状语从句，只是个引导词，并不在从句中充当成分，没有词义。) I never saw such kites as he makes. 我从未见过他做的这种风筝。(as引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语。) 对比两组句子：

1.

He likes such

beautiful

kites _____ are sold in this shop. 2.

He likes such

beautiful

kites ______ he bought them all. 3.

It was so wonderful a movie _______ everyone wants to watch it. 4.

It was so wonderful a movie _______ everyone wants to watch. As引导的非限制性定语从句：

as的这种用法常见于以下这些结构：as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is(well)known, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said before, as was mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, as he explains, as he describes, as is described等。

David, as you all know, is a great painter.(定语从句插在中间) As is known to us all, we should be equal before laws.(定语从句在主句前) China is a large country, as/which is known to us all.(定语从句在主句后) which, as引导非限制性定语从句的区别：

1.位置上：which引导的非限制性定从只能放在主句之后，而as引导的非限制性定从主句前，中，后都可以放。

2.先行词上：which 引导的非限制性定从的先行词可以是一个词，一句话，或半句话，而as引导的非限制性定从的先行词只能是一句话或半句话。

3.意思上：as有时可以翻译为“正如，就像”，which不翻译。

做个练习吧！（as 和which）

1.

______ is said, they will send us to help the children in the less developed areas. 2.

She did well in her studies, ________ made her parents satisfied. 3.

The Beatles, _______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. 4.

Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago. 5.

He returned before nine o’clock, _____ had been expected. (答案：As, which, which, which, as) 再做些练习，看看你整体掌握得怎么样了？(填入合适的关系词which,that,who/whom,whose, as when,where,why) 1．When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________

I would be staying. 2．There is no simple answer，________ is often the case in science.

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3．Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 4．The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 5．He wrote a letter ________ he explained what had happened in the accident. 6．The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected. 7. Finally he reached a lonely island _________ was completely cut off from the outside world.

8. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _______ they live. 9.

The air quality in the city, _______is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 10.Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series.

（答案：where,as,who,when,where,whose,which/that,where,as,which）

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