Using LanguageⅡ教学设计实例

Period 3

Learning about Language (2) Teaching Goals:

1.

To get Ss to have knowledge of the grammar point: the apposition and appositive clause.. 2.

To enable Ss to know the differences between the attributive clause and the appositive clause.

Teaching Procedures: Step 1. Leading-in

(1) Ask Ss to look at the following sentences and then find out the similarities. 1.

The news that our women’s volleyball team had got the first place made all of us excited. 2.

The fact that our earth is round is known to us. 3.

I have no idea when we’ll set off.

(2) Get Ss to find out all the clauses in the reading text. Part3 Line 1: The whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. Part3 Line 2: The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.

Part3 Line 2:Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Part3 Line 6: Altogether Dolly lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Step 2. Grammar point 1. 概说

英语里同位语也是一种名词修饰语，单词、短语和从句都可用作同位语，最简单而又常见的同位语是位于所修饰的先行词之后，用来说明身份、职务、称号等的名词或名词短语。下面就从同位语的引导方式、同位语的构成来谈谈英语同位语。

2. 同位语的构成

(1) 名词及其短语（有时有逗号隔开）

George Bush，the present American president，was the governor of the state of Texas．

(2) 动名词短语（有逗号隔开）

He enjoys the exercise，swimming in winter．

(3) 不定式短语（有时有逗号隔开）

There is one thing he'll never do—tell lies．

(4) 形容词及其短语（有逗号隔开）

He，short and thin，is unfit for the job．

(5) 介词短语（有时有逗号隔开）

As the head of the company，he had to explain what had happened．＝He，the head of the company，had to explain what had happened．

(6) 名词性从句（其前面的先行词一般都带有定冠词the）。这样的先行词有fact，news，truth，knowledge，

idea，hope，question，problem，assumption等。例如：

You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your bike．

3. 同位语从句和定语从句都放在被修饰词的后边，从形式上来看，它们十分相似。从以下几个方面来谈它们的区别。

(1) 从句所修饰词的不同。同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，如belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk 等。定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。例如：

●

He has told us a fact that drinking too much does harm to our health. 他又告诉我们一个事实，过渡饮酒对健康有害。(同位语从句)

●

This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那本书。（定语从句）

(2) 连接词的作用不同。连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和

how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词，常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as，than, but 等。

●

The news that he wants to get is whether he will be sent to the countryside. 他所想得到的消息是他是否将被派往农村。(定语从句，关系代词that作从句get的宾语。)

●

Do you have a doubt whether she will be dismissed from school?

你怀疑她是否能被学校开除吗？(同位语从句)

●

I have no idea how his parents were sad on hearing that their son was killed in the

earthquake.

我不知道他的父母一听到他在地震中阵亡是多么悲伤！(同位语从句)

(3) 从句作用的不同。定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，描述先行词的性质或特征，与先行词之间是所属关系。同位语从句具有名词的特点，对中心词作进一步补充解释，是中心词的具体内容。例如：

●

The man that you saw just now is my bother. 你刚才看到的那个人是我的弟弟。(定语

从句)

●

The suggestion that the meeting be put off proved right. 推迟会议的建议证明是正确得。（同位语从句）

(4) 正确理解和使用同位语从句，还应注意以下几点：

①

分隔同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其先行词被其它成分分隔开来，这种分隔主要出于修辞原因，即为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。

●

The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep‘s clothing .

真相终于大白了，他原来是只披着羊皮的狼。

②

在某些名词后的同位语从句中，其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式：（should）

+ 动词原形。

常见的名词有advice , idea , order , demand , plan , proposal , suggestion , request 等。例如：

●

The suggestion that a new bridge (should) be built was accepted .

采纳了在这里修建一座新桥的建议。

③

同位语从句的先行词往往没有复数形式。例如：

他要来教我们英语的消息昨天我就听说了。

（正）The message that he would teach us English reached me yesterday .

（误）The messages that he would teach us English reached me yesterday .

Step 3. Practice Purpose: To get Ss to know how to use the appositive clause

1. Get Ss to fill in conjunctions and tell which sentences are apposition clauses and which are attributive clauses

(1) Word came ____ our army had won the battle.

A. that

B. what

C. why

D. which

(2) The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. why

(3) The news ____ he heard yesterday surprised us greatly.

A. what

B. that

C. why

D. when

(4) The next thing ________ must be done is to make a plan. A. what

B. that

C. why

D. when

(5) I have no idea ____ he will start.

A. when

B. that

C. what

D./

(6) This is the problem _________we are going to discuss. A. if

B. that

C. whether

D. how (7) The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.

A. when

B. which

C. what

D. that

(8) I will never forget the first day ________ I spent in the country. A. when

B. which

C. what

D. that (9) You have no idea _______ anxious I was. A. How

B. which

C. what

D. that (10) He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.

A. whether

B. where

C. that

D. when

Suggested Answers:

(1) A 同位语从句

(2) A 同位语从句

(3) B 定语从句

(4) B

定语从句

(5) A同位语句

(6) B 定语从句

(7) D同位语从句

(8) D 定语从句

(9) A 同位语句

(10) A同位语从句

2. Ask Ss to finish Ex3 on P15 and Ex1 and Ex2 of Using Structures on P56. 3. Divide Ss into some groups to hold a press conference informing the public of cloning and get them to use as many appositive clauses as possible. Step 4. Homework 1. Ask Ss to make some sentences including an apposition. 2. Ask Ss to find the appositive clauses in the following passage as fast as possible

Dolly the sheep become a scientific breakthrough when the news that she had been born was announced in 1997. However, the problem that she later developed a serious lung diseased bothered scientists . On 14th February 2003 scientists made the decision that Dolly should be put to sleep. Dolly`s death, like her birth, was bound to raise worries. The fact that Dolly died when she was quite young disappointed people the world over . Scientists hold the belief that cloning may lead to many important scientific breakthroughs and medical treatment But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?” Besides that, there is also a fierce debate over the question whether human cloning experiments should be allowed. Scientists believe human cloning is just a matter of time but the assumption that human clones have already been born hasn`t been proved yet.