Grammarppt配套的板书设计及意图

动词的时态与语态

动词时态

时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。

处理时态问题首先要把握各种动词时态所表达的时间概念，注意捕捉决定时态的信息。如：表示时间的副词、短语和从句。有时还要通过上下文的时间关系以及题目设置的语境去挖掘隐藏信息。

形式

时间

现在

does 一般

do 进行

am is

doing are was 过去

did were Shall 将来

will Should 过去将来

would

（一）一般现在时

1．通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always,

sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。

She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。

The old man goes to park every morning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。

2．表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。

The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

3．表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。

The train starts at seven in the morning. 火车早上七点出发。

4．在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。

I’ll go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就会和你一起去。

（二）一般过去时

1．一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用。

I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。

do would

be

doing

do will

be

doing shall

have done will doing had

done 完成

have

done has

They began to work two months ago. 两个月前他们开始工作。

2．一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。

He wrote a novel. 他写了一部小说。

I didn’t expect you were waiting for us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。

3．used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。

He used to get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）

He will be used to getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。

Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。

（三）一般将来时

1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。

I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八岁了。

He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去机场接她。

2、一般将来时的其它表示形式

（1）一般现在时表将来

①按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。

The new library opens next month. 新图书馆下月开放。

The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飞机于下午三点起飞。

②在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。

If you leave tomorrow , I’ll see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到机场送你。

When she comes, I’ll tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。

（2）现在进行时表将来

现在进行时表示将来，往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也称为位移性动词，其进行时表示马上要做某事。

I’m taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个周日我将带孩子们去动物园。

He is leaving school in one year’s time.他一年后就要毕业了。

（3）be to do sth结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。

The president is to visit Japan in May.主席将于五月访问日本。

I’m to get married next year. 我明年结婚。

（4）be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事，马上要做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作即将发生（不跟表将来的时间状语连用）。

We are about to discuss this problem.我们将马上讨论这个问题。

They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要离开时电话响了。

3、will和be going to的区别。

（1）will多表示带意愿色彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事，也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。

I will stay with you and help you. 我会和你一起并且帮助你。

—You have left the light on. 你还开着灯呢。

— Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，确实是的。我马上去关掉它。

（2）be going to常用于口语中，主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。

There’s going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一场英文电影。

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。

（四）现在完成时

1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet等副词连用。

I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。

He has been to Germany. 他去过德国。

2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。

I have known him for three years. 我认识他三年了。

He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。

【注意】（1）因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。

My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。

My sister has married. Don’t disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。

（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/..time that..句型里，从句要用现在完成时。

This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。

（3）句型It is/has been...since..所使用的两种时态都正确。

It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。

（五）过去完成时

1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。

When we got to the station, the train had left. 2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。

By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。

3、表示思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本······（但事与愿违）”。

I had thought that he would win. 我原以为他能赢。

We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。

（六）现在进行时

1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。

Listen, someone is crying. 听，有人在哭。

What are you doing these days? 这些天你们在干什么？

2、有时，现在进行时也与always等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，用以表达

说话人赞扬、讨厌等情绪。

He is always asking the same question. 他总是问同一个问题。（厌烦）

3、动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表将要发生的动作时也用现在进行时。

They are leaving for Shanghai. 他们将动身去上海。

4、状态动词be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于进行时。

Do you know where he is? 你知道他在哪儿吗？

（七）过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在发生的动作。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲门的时候我正在洗头发。

【辨析】现在完成时与一般过去时

现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带，它强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，可能现在仍在那家医院工作。) 他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。

He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (这只是讲述一个过去的事实，表示他现在已经不在那家医院了。) 他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。

Have you had your lunch? 你吃午饭了吗？

What did you have for lunch? 你午饭吃的是什么？

I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去过长城，我去年夏天去的。

Exercises: 1. —I took a photo of you just now. —Really? I

with attention. A. didn’t look

B. wasn’t looking

C. am not looking

D. have’t looked

2. —You haven’t said a word about my new hair-style. What do you think of

it? — I’m sorry I

anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty. A. don't say

B. wasn’t saying

C. didn’t say

D. haven’t said 3. —Can I help you, Madam. — No, thanks, I

. A. have just looked around

B. just look around C. am just looking around

D. just looked around 4. —That famous cherry tree

because of pollution. —Yes, we have to do something to save it.

A. has died

B. had died

C. is died

D. is dying 5. She ought to stop reading; she has a headache because she

too long. A. had read

B. read

C. is reading

D. has been reading 6. —You’re talking too much. —Only at home. No one

me but you. A. is hearing

B. had heard

C. hears

D. heard 7. —What have you been doing? I asked you a question. Why didn’t you answer? —Sorry, I

to the news on the radio. A. listened

B. have listened

C. was listening

D. had listened 8. —You should have told him the date earlier. —I

, but he forgot about it. A. did

B. have

C. had

D. should have 9. —You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics. —Really? Oh, a whole night

,Why didn’t you tell me earlier? A. is wasted

B. was wasted

C. had wasted

D. has wasted 10. The thief tried to break away from the policeman who

him but failed. A. held

B. had held

C. would hold

D. was holding 11. You

exercises at your desk! Why not take some exercise? A. always do B. are always doing

C. have always done

D. have always been doing 12. —What were you up to when she dropped in? —I

for a while and

some reading. A. was playing; was going to go

B. played; did C. had played; was going to go

D. had played; did

用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1.It is the fourth time that Mike

(travel) to China. 2.He (not finish)the work by the end of last month. 3.LiMing (know) him since then. 4.I

(receive) a letter from my brother last night. 5.We

(be ) to London many times before we left England. 6.How long

you

(learn) English by the end of this term? 7.—He

(live) in this city since he

(leave) his hometown.. —When did he

(leave) there? —He

there three years ago. 8.—His father

(be) in the Party for years. —When

he

(join) the Party?

—He

(join) the Party in 1996. 9.—It

(rain )for such a long time! —When

it

(rain)? —It

(rain) 3 hours ago. 10.I

(hope)to be back last night, but I

(not catch) the train. 11.—Hello, may I speak to John?

—

(speak).

动词的语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

（1）

被动语态

1）

用法

A．

不知道动作的执行者是谁。

B．

没有必要指出动作的执行者

C．

强调动作的承受着。

（2）被动语态的构成及用法

1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是：

be +及物动词过去分词

一般现在时：is/am/are+done 一般过去时:was/were+done 现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done 过去进行时:was/were+being+done 一般将来时:will+be+done 过去将来时:would+be+done 现在完成时:have/has+been+done 过去完成时:had+been +done 2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词

因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her.

【注意】

短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。

3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况

若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：

The teacher made me go out of the classroom.

I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 4) 主动形式表示被动意义

1）如wash, clean,

cut, read, wear,

draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：

The pen writes smoothly. 2）

感官动词如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容词作表语。

The food tastes good. 非谓语动词（只简要介绍初中部分内容，在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目，同学们要努力掌握）

对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。

（1）非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。

动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。

（2）不定式作宾语补足语

Father will not allow us to play on the street. （3）不定式作目的状语

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. （4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词

这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。

I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（5）用不带to不定式的情况

使役动词如：

let, have, make等和感官动词如：

see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。

（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同

1) stop to do

停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing

停止做某事。

2) forget to do

忘记要去做某事。

(未做) forget doing

忘记做过某事。

(已做)

3) remember to do 记得去做某事。

(未做) remember doing

记得做过某事。

(已做) 4) try to do

努力，企图做某事。

try doing

试验，试着做某事。

5) go on to do

做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。

go on doing

继续做原来做的事。

6) mean to do

打算、想

mean doing

意味着

4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析

(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。

1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。

He said he would go there. It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you. 2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。

Do you speak English? May I speak to Mr Pope, please? 3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。

What are you talking about? Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now. 4) tell 表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。

She told us an interesting story yesterday. My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month. (2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。

1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。

Look! The girl is swimming in the lake. Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual? 2) see 指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。

They can't see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday? 3) watch 指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。

The twins are watching TV now. He will go to watch a volleyball match. 4）

read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。

Don't read in the sun. I like to read newspapers when I am free.

(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。

1) borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now. May I borrow your dictionary? 2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li. Could you lend us your radio, please? 3) keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。

How long can the recorder be kept? The farmer kept the pat for two weeks. (4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。

1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。

Bring me the book, please. May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday? 2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。

It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. Mother took the little girl to the next room. 3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。

Do you always carry a handbag? The box is heavy. Can you carry it? 4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。

Please go to my office to get some chalk. There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some? (5) wear, put on和dress的区别

1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。

Tom always wears black shoes. He wears a raincoat even when it is fine. She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair. 2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。

It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.

He put on his hat and went out of the room. 3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。

She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child. (6) take, spend 和use的用法。

1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth. It took me three days to finish the work. It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest. It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai. 2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：

Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth. She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat. He didn't spend much time on his lessons. He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises. Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes. 3) use表示使用工具、手段等。

Do you know how to use the computer? Shall we use your car? (7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。

1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。

After the train had left, they reached the station We reached the top of the mountain at last. 2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。

When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun. My sister was cooking when mother got home. 3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。

The soldiers arrived at a small village The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow. 【演练】

1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.

A. are talking

B. talk C. will talk

D. talked 2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday. A. teaches

B. taught C. will teach

D. had taught 3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before. A. have seen

B. was seeing C. saw

D. see 4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive. A. must

B. can

C. mustn’t

D. can’t

5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some? A. looks

B. smells

C. sounds

D. feels 6. “ Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor. A. not to eat

B. to eat

C. not eat

D. eat 7. “Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife. A. do

B. to do

C. does

D. did 8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll write it down. A. review

B. recite

C. report

D. repeat 9. Don’t ________

your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring.

A. take away

B. take off

C. take down

D. take out 10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer. A. must; can

B. must; may

C. need; can

D. can; may 11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago. A. left

B. has left

C. had left

D. has been left 12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan. A. paid

B. spent

C. took

D. cost 13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball? ---_______ you _______ your homework yet? A. Do; finish

B. Are; finishing

C. Did; finishing

D. Have; finished 14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave. A. turn off

B. turn down

C. turn up

D. turn on

15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week. A. be given

B. has been given

C. will be given

D. will give 16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.

A. don’t go now

B. stay here when it stops

C. not leave until it stops

D. not to leave at once 17. You may go fishing if your work ________. A. is done

B. will be done

C. has done

D. have done 18. Cotton _______ nice and soft. A. is felt

B. is feeling

C. feel

D. feels 19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? ---John _________. A. cleaned

B. does

C. did

D. is 20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______? ---No. She got up too late. A. had she

B. hadn’t she

C. did she

D. didn’t she

【练习答案】

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C