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Unit 4 Learning efficiently-语法篇

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1. 掌握虚拟语气运用；

2. 掌握常考虚拟语气的解题方法；

虚拟语气

一. 定义

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

二. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

1. 真实条件句

真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是“如果”的意思。

2. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用

1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“过去式（be的过去式用were）”，主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：

If I had time，I would attend the meeting. If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad. 2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“had+过去分词”，

主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+ have+过去分词”。例如：

If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams. 3) 表示与将来事实相反的假设时，从句谓动可以用三种形式: a. “动词过去式”；

b. “were to+动词原形”；

c. “should+动词原形”，

主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：

If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off. If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：

(1) 错综时间条件句

当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如：

If you had taken my advice，you would know what to do now. 要是那时你听我劝告的话，你现在就知道该做什么了。

(2) if的省略和倒装

在条件句中可省略

if，把were，had，should 提到句首，变为倒装句式。例如: If I were at school again，I would study harder. →Were I at school again，I would study harder. If you had come earlier，you would catch the bus. →Had you come earlier，you would catch the bus. If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing. 注意：

当省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。比如，我们可以说：Were it not for the expense，I would go abroad now.但不能说：Weren't it for the expense，I would go abroad now. (3) 含蓄条件句

①

用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with，without，but for。例如: What would you do with a million dollars？(＝if you had a million dollars) We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(＝if we hadn't got your help) Without your help，we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.(＝But for your help，...＝If it had not been for your help，...＝Had it not been for your help，...) ②

用otherwise，however，but或分词短语等代替条件状语从句。例如: He would have gone to the party，but he was ill yesterday. 他昨天想去参加宴会，但是那时他病了。

The firemen arrived in time. Otherwise the house would have been burnt to the ground. 消防队员及时赶到了，不然的话，房子就烧毁了。

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 若是多加注意，这些树就会长得更好。

三. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用

1. 用于宾语从句中

(1) wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为：

a. 过去时（宾从动作与wish同时）；b. 过去完成时（宾从动作先于wish）；c. could/ would/ might+

动词原形，即过去将来时（宾从动作后于wish）。例如: I wish I remembered his address. 我希望我记得他的地址。

I wish I had studied hard. 我多么希望我那时学习刻苦。

(2)

表示建议、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句中，动词有：demand, order, require, insist（坚决主张）, suggest（建议）, propose, advise, decide, determine, vote(提议), command, arrange(安排、协商), desire, prefer, intend等，从句谓动用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如: The doctor suggested/insisted that she(should)stay in bed for a few days. 医生建议/坚持她卧床几天。

注意：

当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲，insist作“坚持说”讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，that 从句中的谓语动词不用虚拟语气。例如：

The look on his face suggested that he was unhappy. 他脸上的表情暗示出他不高兴。

Mike insisted that he was right. 迈克坚持认为自己是对的。

(3) would (had) rather，would just as soon，would sooner，would prefer＋从句结构，这几个句型都表示一种“婉转的责备”，谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。例如: I would rather you didn't go there. 我宁愿你不去那儿。

(4) If only 引导的感叹句中。例如: If only I were a bird!

我要是只鸟儿多好啊！

2. 用于主语从句中

It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that 从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。例如: It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week. It is strange that he(should)have acted toward his parents like that.(act 发生在主句谓语动词be之前时，要用should have＋过去分词) 注意：

以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。例如: It's strange that he didn't come yesterday. It's a pity that you can't dance. 3. 用于表语从句和同位语从句中

在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice 等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should＋动词原形”。如：

My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.

We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing. 四. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用

1. 在as if/though 引导的方式状语和even if/though 引导的让步状语从句中：一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如: She loves the boy as if he were her own son. 她喜欢这个男孩子就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。

2. 在in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“could/might/may/can＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。例如: He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. 他早起为的是能够赶上第一班公共汽车。

3. 在in case that，for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气，should不可省略。例如: She puts a coat over the baby for fear that he should catch a cold. 她把一个大衣盖在小孩身上，以免他着凉。

4. if only 后面需要用虚拟语气：一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如: If only I could operate the computer. 要是我会操作电脑该多好。

If only he had known it. 要是他知道这件事该多好。

五. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用

It is high/about time that...句型中一般用过去时或“should＋动词原形”(但should不可省略)表示虚拟语气，前者更为常用。例如: It's high/about time that children went/should go to school. 到了孩子们上学的时候了。

1.

What would have happened，____________ as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked farther

B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther

D. if Bob walked farther 解析: 考查虚拟语气的特殊用法。在虚拟语气中，如果把条件状语从句中的if省略，可以把助动词had，were或者should提到句子的前面，形成部分倒装形式。根据前面的谓语形式可知，此题表达的是与过去相反的虚拟语气，在条件句中的应用。

答案: C 2. It's high time that we____________ home and____________ supper now.

A. go；have

B. went；had

C. go；should have

D. went；to have 解析: 该句型中的谓语动词用“过去式”或“should＋动词原形”，should不能省略。

答案: B 3. I was really anxious about you. You____________ home without a word. A. mustn't leave

B. shouldn't have left

D. needn't leave C. couldn't have left

解析: 你不应该一句话不说就离家出走的，但是你却这样做了，用虚拟语气。

答案: B 4. He hesitated for a moment before he kicked the ball，otherwise he____________ a goal. A. had scored

B. scored

C. would score

D. would have scored 解析: 根据语境可知，他没有进球得分，所以要选的应该是虚拟语气。根据前面的动词可知，表示的是与过去相反的虚拟语气，所以主句要用情态动词＋have done 形式。

答案: D 5. I wish I____________ the book yesterday，but I was too busy. A. had finished to write

B. had finished writing C. could have finished to write

D. might finish writing 解析：wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，由yesterday可知是对过去的虚拟，所以用had done表示，且finish后跟v.­ing形式，故选B项。

答案: B

基础演练

单选

1. I have no time now. If I _____time, I ____to the cinema with you.

A

had; may go

B

have; shall go

C

had; would go

D

had had; would have gone 2. If she had worked harder, she___.

A

would succeed

B

had succeeded

C

should succeed

D

would have succeeded 3. I would not have gone to the party, _____.

A

were I not invited

B

hadn’t invited

C hadn’t been invited

D

had not I been invited 4. How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden!

A

has

B

had

C

will have

D

had had 5. How I wish I ______ to fix the clock! I only made it worse.

A

could have tried

B

didn’t try

C

hadn’t tried

D

couldn’t tried 6. It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.

A

wouldn’t have fallen

B

had not fallen

C

should fall

D

were to fall

7. I advised that the sick child_____ a hospital as soon as possible.

A

should send to

B

should be sent

C

be sent to

D

must be sent to 8. What she said at the meeting suggested that she ____ our plan.

A

support

B

supported

C

should support

D

will support 9. The man insisted that he____ the law and ___into prison.

A

didn’t break; not put

B

hadn’t broken; shouldn’t be put

C

not break; not put

D

hadn’t broken; mustn’t be put 10. ___it rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.

A

If

B

Would

C

When

D

Should Keys：

1-5

CDDBC

6-10

BCBBD 巩固提高

Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空

1. I'd rather you ________ (come) tomorrow. 2. If only he ________ (be) alive. 3. We should act as if she ____________ (watch) us. 4. I couldn't help even though I ____________ (be)there at the moment. 5. If I ____________(inform)yesterday，I ________ (know)what to do now. Ⅱ.单句改错

1. If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't fail in the exam.________ 2. I would have finished the work，but I had been ill.________ 3. It's high time we do our homework.________ 4. I wish she will do better next time.________ 5. The teacher demanded that he answered the question immediately.________ Ⅲ. 完成句子

1. My suggestion is that _______________________(我们根据天气情况来安排运动会的日期)．

2. _______________________ (要不是他的帮助)，I couldn't have finished the work on time. 3. Without/But for your help，_______________________ (我是不会安全到家的)．

4. If I were you，I _______________________ (更加注意英语的习语和短语)．

5. _______________________ (如果他九点动身的话)，he ought to have been in London by eleven o'clock. Keys：

Ⅰ. 1.came

2.were

3.were watching

4.had been

5.had been informed；should know Ⅱ. 1.fail→have failed

2.had been→was

3.do→did

4.will→might

5.answered→should answer

Ⅲ. 1. we (should) fix the date for the sports meeting depending on the weather

2. Had it not been for his help 3. I couldn't have returned home safely 4. would pay more attention to English idioms and phrases 5. If he had started at 9：00

1. Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat，the earth at night________，too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. would be frozen cold C. would be freezing coldly D. can freeze coldly 2. You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman______ be so rude to a lady. A. might

B. need

C. should

D. would 3. If only he________ quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now. A. lies

C. had lain

A. shouldn't eat

C. shouldn't have eaten

B. lay D. should lie B. mustn't have eaten D. mustn't eat 4. Oh，I'm not feeling well in the stomach. I________ so much fried chicken just now. 5. Mr. White________ at 8：30 for the meeting，but he didn't show up. A. should have arrived

B. should arrive C. should have had arrived

D. should be arriving 6. How I wish every family________ a large house with a beautiful

garden! A. has

B. had

C. will have

D. had had 7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn't have fallen

B. had not fallen C. should fall

D. were to fall 8. But for the help of my English teacher，I________ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win

B. would not have won C. would win

D. would have won 9. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he________ it differently. A. could express

B. would express C. could have expressed

D. must have expressed 10. Bill suggested________ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held

B. to hold C. holding

D. hold 11. The order came that the medical supplies ________ to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon. A. would be sent

B. should send C. be sent

D. must be sent 12. These achievements ________ without the contribution of Qian Xuesen，a key leader of the New China's nuclear missile and so on. A. would have been unthinkable B. would not be unthinkable C. would be unthinkable D. would not have been unthinkable 13. They must have been enjoying themselves there，otherwise they ________ so long. A. can't have stayed

B. wouldn't have stayed C. needn't have stayed

D. couldn't stay 14. The current economic situation requires that we ________ strengthen our confidence and make every effort to promote growth and balanced development.

A. need

B. would C. could

D. should 15. The boy insisted that he ________ his best and ________ praised. A. had tried；must be

C. try；should be

Keys: 1-5

ACCCA

6-10

BBBCC

11-15

CABDB

_________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

一. 完型（2015朝阳一模）

Appeal to Emotion(情感) My childhood left three months ago on a plane to Austria. It was a

1

day when my baby cousins moved away. My cousins were a fundamental part of my life;

2

they were not with me, they were on my mind. They brought back the untroubled days of my childhood,

3

games, adventures and silliness, but they also helped

4

me from an at-times selfish teenager into a responsible adult. My aunt and uncle moved here from Boston with their 1-year-old daughter Yasmeen. They lived in an apartment on the side of our house and I was

5

to have our family, especially a baby girl, so close to us. Yasmeen had close friendships with each of my sisters, but I knew the one that

6

between us was the strongest. As she began to walk on her own and talk in full sentences, I realized my great

7

upon her. I noticed that she’d

8

some of my unpleasant actions,

9

with her mother after I had done the same. Yasmeen made me realize what being a good

10

really was. When Maya was born, Yasmeen had a hard time

11

. She was jealous(嫉妒) of the attention we all paid to her new younger sister, so I did my best to keep her company when she might have not been

12

. Once Yasmeen overcame her jealousy, she was able to

13

Maya’s presence, like we all did. I tried to take advantage of our times together, doing my best to

14

my schedule for my two favorite people. My

15

with Yasmeen and Maya has taught me the importance of influential people. I know that I have helped Yasmeen and Maya

16

, but “the babies” have had an even greater influence on my own life. They have shown me how to be a parent, a sister, a child, and most importantly, a friend. Our

17

has made me a better person—a more patient person, with the ability to

18

endless questions and spilled(洒) juice；an

19

person, able to have fun and be happy with others; a role model,

20

the babies ideas about right and wrong, and a compassionate person, able to forgive and love.

1. A. sad B. busy C. fine D. relaxing B. tried；must be D. had tried；be

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A. until A. against A. lead

A. overjoyed A. ended A. pressure A. doubt A. debating A. leader A. sharing A. noticed A. ignore A. affect A. instruction A. grow A. meeting A. review A. honest A. showing B. before B. through B. challenge B. embarrassed B. started B. dependence B. regret B. arguing B. partner B. adjusting B. admired B. mind B. accept B. experiment B. succeed B. relationship B. tolerate B. independent B. writing C. when C. besides C. mature C. surprised C. survived C. mercy C. copy C. negotiating C. friend C. recognizing C. comforted C. sense C. free C. experience C. think C. responsibility C. repeat C. aggressive C. awarding D. unless D. for D. encourage D. afraid D. developed D. influence D. guide D. checking D. example D. struggling D. protected D. enjoy D. ruin D. interview D. behave D. respect D. avoid D. enthusiastic D. permitting 二. 书面表达

第一节

你的美国朋友Chris目前在北京学习汉语，他对中国传统文化非常感兴趣。本周五下午你校将要举办一个文化讲座，请你根据以下提示给他一封电子邮件。邀请他来参加。

1.

农业大学张教授讲解中国茶文化的历史和传播；

2.

讲座后有交流和品茶活动；

3.

你将陪同Chris并帮其翻译讲解。

注意：1. 词数不少于50。

2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Hi Chris, _____________________________________________________________________ Yours, Joe 第二节

假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华，

上周日你班组织到首都图书馆参加一天的文化志愿活动，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇日记，记述活动的全过程。

注意：1. 词数不少于60。

2. 日记的开头已给出，不计入总词数。

March 29th, Sunday

Fine

Today some classmates and I served at Capital Library as volunteers.

Keys: 一. 完型

1-5

ACBCA 二. 书面表达

第一节

Hi Chris, Good news! There will be a lecture in our school this Friday afternoon. Professor Zhang from University of Agriculture will tell us about the history and spread of Chinese tea. This will be followed by a tea party and you can taste different kinds of tea while chatting with teachers and students of our school. I wonder if you want to participate in it. Don’t worry about the language. I’ll be with you and explain what you don’t understand. If you do not have any prior appointment then, I am looking forward to your coming.

Yours, Joe

6-10

DDCBD

11-15

BADCC

16-20 ABBDA

第二节

March 29th, Sunday

Fine Today some classmates and I served at Capital Library as volunteers. At 9 o’clock this morning, we gathered together at the gate of the library. After getting into the library, we were first trained by a librarian on how to operate the computers to borrow or return books so that we could help readers later. Then, wearing the volunteer uniform and volunteer identity card, we got down to our work. Some of ua helped with shelving books and some offered assistance to the people who had problems with using the computers. All of us took our tasks seriously and tried to do them all. Time passed quickly. Before we knew it, it was time to say goodbye to the staff. On the way back, we shared our feeling happily. When doing volunteer work, we did our part in helping others. Meanwhile, it promoted our social awareness. We all believe volunteering is rewarding and look forward to more of it.

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