Learning about Language名师教学设计2

语态

一、概述

英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 一般现在时：am／is／are＋p.p

一般过去时：was／were＋p.p 一般将来时：will／shall+ be＋p.p

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋p.p 过去进行时：have／has being＋p.p

现在完成时：have／has +been＋p.p 过去完成时：had +been＋p.p 过去将来时：would／should+ be＋p.p 二、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知谁偷的)

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：The window was broken by Mike. This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

三、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。

(4)含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

例如：All the people laughed at him.—— He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory. — The bikes are made by them in the factory. You ought to take it away. —— It ought to be taken away. 四、特殊句子的被动语态

1.双宾语句子如何变成被动语态

英语有些句子含有两个宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。

例如： The crowd gave the guest a warm welcome里，就有双宾语。一个是直接宾语a warm welcome ；另一个是间接宾语the guest。在变成被动语态时，其中一个宾语要成为主语。在一般情况下，我们多以间接宾语为主语，直接宾语留在原位，如：The guest was given a warm welome by the crowd.

但是，如果重点在直接宾语，直接宾语便要变成被动语态的主语，如：

We will offer any capable applicant a competitive salary.

要变成：

A competitive salary will be offered to any capable applicant. 2.名词性从句如何变成被动语态

“People generally feel that social workers are offering valuable services for the

public.”这句子可以“it ”作为主语，然后，把名词分句移到句子后头去：

“It is generally felt that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”

另一种变法是把名词性从句的主语转为被动句的主语，接着把名词分句的动词变成不定式动词：

“Social workers are generally felt to be offering valuable services for the public.”

3.若感官动词宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。如: feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

The teacher made me go out of the classroom. --> I was made to go out of the classroom.

We saw him play football on the playground. --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 4. let 的用法

1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。

They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.

2）

若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。

The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 5. 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.

My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.

Such a thing has never been heard of before.. 五、学习被动语态时要注意的几个问题

1、有些原来不及物的动词，如作使役动词用，则有被动语态，常见的有fly, run, stand, walk等。

例如：Many cars have been flown to Europe.许多汽车已被空运到欧洲去了。 This bottle must not be stood close to the fire.这只瓶不得放在近火处。 Horses should be walked for some time after a race.赛马后，得溜一会儿马。

2.主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…等主动形式表示被动意义，如：The book sells well.

这本书销路好。

This knife cuts easily.

这刀子很好用。

2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build主动形式表示被动意义

I was to blame for the accident.

Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式表示被动意义。

The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.

This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。

This book is worth reading.

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事),be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married被动形式表示主动意义

He is graduated from a famous university.

他毕业于一所有名的大学。

注意：

表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。

He married a rich girl.

He got married to a rich girl.

注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。

Your hair wants cutting.

你的头发该理了。

The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。

The book is worth reading.

这本书值得一读。

5). get+p.p 表被动，此机构较口语化：She got married last week. He got killed. 6).表示“开始”、“结束”、“运动”的词,如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end,shut,run,move. 如：

Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.

He shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 7)表示主语的某些属性的词，如read, write, act, sell,wash,clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, cat, drink.这类动词一般不单独使用，常加一个修饰语。

This coat dries easily. The pen writes smoothly. 3.中文含有被动意义的句子，不一定要用“被”字，但在译成英文时，却要变成被动语态。

例如：①灯关掉了：The light was turned off.（不是：The light turned off）

②会议延期举行：The meeting will be put off.（不是：The meeting will put off）

③这件事必须保密：This matter should be kept secret.（不是：This matter should be secret）

④发展计划提早完成：The development project was completed before schedule.

⑤我们学校去年建造了新的电脑室： Last year, a new computer room was built in our school.

⑥在旧社会，妇女是受轻视的：In the old society, women were looked down upon.

4. 区别被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”的结构

“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：

1)．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。

如: The glass is broken． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy． 玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）

2)．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai． 这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）

The door is locked．

门锁着。（系表结构）

The door has already/just been locked． 门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）

The shop is opened． 这家商店开门了。（系表结构）

The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）

3)．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态：

The machine is being repaired． 机器正在修。

A new school will be built here． 这里将要建一所新学校。

六、

不用被动语态的情况

1).不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.

比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

(错) The price has been risen.

(对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week.

(对) The accident happened last week.

(错) The price has raised.

(对) The price has been raised.

(错) Please seat.

(对) Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

如: This key just fits the lock.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

如: It sounds good.

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life。

如:

She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

(对) She likes to swim.

(错) To swim is liked by her. 6)、一般以为凡及物动词都有相应的被动句，其实不然，当“主+动+宾”结构的谓语动词是表示状态或特征的及物动词，如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, resemble, suit等，主动句便没有相应的被动句： Linda resembles her mother.琳达象她母亲。 This red coat becomes her.这件红上衣合她的身。 The auditorium holds 2000 people.大礼堂能容纳两千人。 My shoes don’t fit me.我的鞋不合脚。 Jack always lacks confidence.杰克总是缺乏信心。

但是，状态动词know有相应的被动态：Experts have been known to make this mistake.

有时，有些不能用于被动语态的状态动词，在同一意义上，如果不用”by+词组”，可以有被动句。如：All my things are held in this box.这只箱子里装着我所有的东西。

7)、某些被动句没有相应的主动句。

例如：She was born in Nanjing.她生于南京。

He was said to be an honest man.据说他是个老实人。

They will be married next month.他们将于下月结婚。

Mary said that she was not obliged to work overtime.玛丽说她并不是非

加班不可。

8)、当“主

动

宾”结构的宾语为反身代词或相互代词时，通常不能转换为被动句。

例如：The doctor dedicated herself to finding a cure. Did he hurt himself when he fell? 他跌倒时有没有摔伤了自己?

We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 They told each other about their families.他们互相向对方讲述了各自的家庭情况。

精选习题： 各种时态的被动语态的基本结构：

1.

一般现在时的被动语态：

2.

一般过去式的被动语态：

3.

现在进行时的被动语态：

4.

一般将来时的被动语态：

5.

现在完成时的被动语态：

6.

过去完成时的被动语态：

7. 含有情态动词的被动语态：

完成下列句子：

1. Our classroom (clean) by the students on duty every day. 2. The flowers (water) by my mother once a week. 3. I (pick) up by my father at the school gate every day. 4. His computer (repair) by the engineer yesterday. 5. The injured boy (take) to the hospital last night. 6. Many trees (plant) in our school last month. 7. He went to work by bike this morning because his car (repair) at present. 8. The rivers (pollute) now, and we must take measures to protect them. 9. The building (decorate) with colourful lights next week. 10. If you are late for work again, you (fine). 11. He can drive to work tomorrow because his car (repair) already. 12. You can use these plates because they (wash) by her already.

13. When I got to school, the office (air) by Mr.Li already. 14. When the policeman got the market, the thieves (catch) by the local villagers. 15. Mr.He suggested that all the desks away at once.(take) 16. The general ordered the the rocks from the way before 7:00 pm.(remove)

选择题：

1．--What do you think of the book? --Oh, excellent. It is worth ______ a second time. A. to read

B. to be read

C. reading

D. being read 2．

--What do you expect me to do? --The house needs______. A. painting

B. painted

C. being painted

D. be painted 3．I feel it is your husband who ____for the spoiled child. A. is to blame

B. is going to blame

C. is to be blamed

D. should blame 4．The teacher could not make himself _____ because the students were so noisy. A. pay attention to

B. paid attention to C. paid attention

D. to be paid attention to 5．Mary is fond of ______ herself in blue. A. dressed

B. being dressed

C. dressing

D. dress 6．In some parts of the world, tea ______ with milk and sugar. A. is serving

B. is served

C. serves

D. served 7．According to the art dealer, the painting ______ to go for at least a million dollars. A. is expected

B. expects

C. expected

D. is expecting 8．--The window is dirty. -- I know. It ____ for weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned

D. hasn’t been cleaned

9．The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade

B. will persuade

C. be persuaded

D. are persuaded 10．It won’t be long before such a thing ______ again. A. will happen

B. happens

C. is happened

D. happened 11．The room ______ 100 students or so. A. can hold

B. is held

C. can be held

D. was held 12．The boy whom you lent the bike to _______ by a car. A. hit

B. be hit

C. having been hit D. was hit 13．Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will ______ fresh for several days.

A. be stayed

B. stay

C. be staying

D. have stayed 14．Great changes _______ in the city, and a lot of factories _______. A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up

D. were taken place; were set up 15．---Have you moved into the house?

---Not yet. The rooms _____. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are having painted 16．--- _____the sports meet might be put off. --- Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. I’ve been told

B. I’ve told

C. I’m told

D. I told 17．All the preparations for the task ______ and we’re ready to start.

A. completed B. complete C. had been completed

D. have been completed 18．Shortly after we ______, a waiter came over to our table with a smile. A. seated

B. were seated

C. sat ourselves

D. took places 19．This is Tod’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ______ trying to save a child in the earthquake. A. killed

B. is killed

C. was killed

D. was killing 20．Lincoln _____ as a friend of freedom.

A. is thought

B. is thought of

C. think of

D. is thinking of 21．The man living in the next door ______ the police. A. is known

B. is known by

C. is known to

D. is knowing 22．The teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies ______ gravity. A. is called

B. called

C. was called

D. sold out 23．The book was received so eagerly that it _____ on the first day. A. sold up

B. was sold up

C. was sold out

D. sold out 24．_____good, the roast turkeys _____well. A. Tasting, sell

B. Tasted, are sold C. They are tasting, sell

D. They are tasted, sell 25．The machine has been used for many years, and it needs _____. A. repaired B. being repaired

C. repairing

D. being repairing 26．When I arrived, I found the boy ______ there. A. seating

B. seated

C. is seating

D. sat 27．____ the boy quickly, or we’ll be late. A. Wearing

B. Put on

C. Have on

D. Dress 28．The homework is easy _____. A. to be done B. doing

C. to do

D. do 29．I have to go to work by taxi because my car _____ at the garage. A. will be repaired

B. is repaired

C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 30．Telephone messages for the manager _____ on her desk but she didn’t notice them. A. were left

B. was left

C. was leaving

D. were leaving 31. The hero’s story _____ differently in the newspapers. A. was reported

B. was reporting

C. reports

D. reported 32．—Why did you leave that position? --I ____ a better position at IBM. A. offer

B. offered

C. am offered

D. was offered 33．Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called

B. is called

C. had been called

D. has been called 34．Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ____ by a storm which swept across the

north of England last night. A. has been caused

B. had been caused C. will be caused

D. will have been caused 35．—The window is dirty.

— I know. It _____ for weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned

D. hasn’t been cleaned

36．The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ____ by 2006. A. has been completed

B. has completed C. will have been completed

D. will have completed 37．The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _____ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade

B. will persuade

C. be persuaded

D. are persuaded 38．All the employees except the manager ____ to work online at home. A. encourages

B. encourage

C. is encouraged

D. are encouraged 39．----How long _____ at this job? ---- Since 1990. A. were you employed

B. have you been employed C. had you employed

D. will you be employed 40．By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _____ in Beijing. A. would be completed

B. was being completed

C. has been completed

D. had been completed

Answers: 1-3 略4-9 BCBADD 10-14 BADBB 15-19AADBC 20-23.BCAC 24-28.ACBDC 29-34CAADBA 35-40.DCDDBD