Learning about Language课堂实录及点评

系动词的主要分类:

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lay, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) 常见类型归纳:be动词(am，is，are)，感官动词(feel，look，smell，sound，taste，seem)，"变得"词(get，become，turn，grow)，"保持"(keep，stay)。

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。

现分别列举如下:

1、时间状语从句

常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2、地点状语从句

常用引导词:where

特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3、原因状语从句

常用引导词:because, since, as, for

特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as

My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.

Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4、目的状语从句

常用引导词:so that, in order that

特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5、结果状语从句

常用引导词:so that, so… that, such … that,

特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6、条件状语从句

常用引导词:if, unless,

特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

We'll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7、让步状语从句

常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首

),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.

尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

He won't listen whatever you may say.

8、比较状语从句

常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。

9、方式状语从句

常用引导词:as, as if, how

特殊引导词:the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语:

①

当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时(如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等);

e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.

(他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。)

I don't feel it difficult to understand the Special English.

(我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。)

He makes it a rule never to borrow money.

(他立志决不向别人借钱。)

I think it no need talking about it with them.

(我认为没必要跟他们谈。)

②

某些表示"喜、怒、哀、乐"的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句;

e.g. I don't like it that he's so lazy.

(我不喜欢他那么懒惰。)

I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.

(我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。)

③ that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语;

e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you.

(尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。)

Would you see to it that she gets home early?

(你负责保证她早到家，好吗?)

He insisted on it that he was innocent.

(他坚持说自己是无辜的。)

④

由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。

e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.

(我让你自己判断这事是否该做。)

We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.

(多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。)

折叠编辑本段特殊形式

通常意义的形式宾语主要见于真正宾语为不定式、动名词、从句等且其后跟有宾语补足语时的情形，即用于"动词+it+宾语补足语+真正的宾语"这样的结构，但以下几类形式宾语却比较特殊，其后没有宾语补足语。

1.动词+ it + that-从句

I like it that you came.你来了，我很高兴。

I take it (that) he will come on time.我认为他会准时来的。

You can put it that it was arranged before.你可以说这是以前安排的。

Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign.据传闻，国防部长不久就要辞职。

【注】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有have, take, put, like等。

2.动词+ it + when (if)-从句

I dislike it when you whistle.我不爱听你吹口哨。

We really appreciate it when she offered to help.她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。

I'd prefer it if I didn't have to do so much work.要是我不必做那么多工作，好就太好了。

【注】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等。

一、强调句句型

1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。

e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。

e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping？

3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？

e.g. When and where was it that you were born？

4. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。

强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday. 强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday. 强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.

5. 注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ……

，其余的时态用It is …… . 二、not … until …

句型的强调句

1. 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分

e.g. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 2. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till.但如果不是强调句型，till， until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not ……

已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

三、谓语动词的强调

1. It is/ was …… that ……

结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did. e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。

He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！

第一类

虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:

条件句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，此时主句不用虚拟语气;而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生，此时用虚拟语气。如:

If I have time，I will go. 假若我有时间，我就去。 (陈述语气) If I were you，I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。 (虚拟语气 )

时态类型

主句谓语形式

条件句的谓语形式

例句

与现在事实相反

would/should/could/might+ V原形

动词过去式 did *be 多用were 1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I would certainly go if I had time. 与过去事实相反

would/should/could/might + have done 动词过去完成式

had done 1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 与将来事实相反

would/should/could/might + V原形

①动词过去式

②should +V原

③were + to do 1.If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. ①

2. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.③

*规律总结:从句都往过去推一个时态，如:与现在相反的if从句就用过去时;与过去相反用过去完成时(即过去的过去)

注:特别说明

1、l would/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后;would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较:

If you tried again ，you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。 (would表结果)

If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。 (might表可能)

If you tried again ，you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力)

2、错综时间虚拟条件句

即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整:

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。

3、If虚拟条件句的否定(含蓄条件句) 常考两个句型:If it weren't for…和If it hadn't been for…，其意为"若不是(有)" "要不是"。如:

If it weren't for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。

If it hadn't been for your assistance ，we wouldn't have succeeded.

=But for your assistance ，we wouldn't have succeeded.

=Without your assistance ，we wouldn't have succeeded.如果没有你的帮助，我们不会成功的。

4、If虚拟条件句的倒装形式，即把were, had, should置于句首。例:

Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder.如果我能再上一次学，我会学习得更努力。

Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…)如果你问我，我会告诉你。

折叠编辑本段第二类

使用虚拟语气的常见结构或从句:

1.*wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于:hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较:

(1) We hope they will come. (We don't know if they can come.)

(2) We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.)我们希望他们能来。

2.if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同:

If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。

If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。

If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!

*if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。

3.l would rather后句子用虚拟语气

只分现在和过去

在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气，

表示"宁愿做什么" ，具体用法为:

①

一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望

I'd rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。

②

用过去完成时表过去的愿望

I'd rather you hadn't said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。

4.l as if (though)从句用虚拟语气

以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气,则与wish用法相同，例:

He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。

They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。

He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。

注:两点说明

(1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气:

It looks as if we'll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。

(2) 注意 It isn't as if…的翻译:

It isn't as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。

折叠编辑本段第三类

从句中should+动词原形，should可省略

1. 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) ,in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

She walked quietly lest she (should)wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。

2. 表应当做

值得做

一类动词后的宾语从句

建议advise, suggest, propose, recommend命令order, command

请求ask, demand, require, request指示direct

督促urge提议move, vote

希望desire坚持insist

打算intend安排arrange

例如:

I insisted that he (should)stay. 我坚持要他留下。

He urged that they go to Europe. 他督促他们到欧洲去。

He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。

He ordered that it (should)be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。

I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。

He requires that I (should)appear. 他要求我出场。

I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。

He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。

She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。

The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。

*suggest表"暗示"insist表"坚持说"时不用虚拟语气

比较:

He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。

He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。

He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。

3. order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句

Our suggestion is that you(should)be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。

4.*advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order

l "It is (was)+ 紧急

重要-- 带感情色彩

上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词

或

important,natural,strange ,necessary，surprised, appropriate等形容词

后的主语从句

1. It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m.

2. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once.

注:*It is necessary，important，strange，natural，

advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ;it is a pity;It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed

折叠编辑本段第四类

It's time后的从句用虚拟语气

从句谓语通常用过去式表示 (早)该干某事了

*有时也用过去进行时或"should+动词原形"(较少见，且should不能省略)

ex. It's time we went [were going, should go]. 我们该走了。

It's time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were)

It's time = It is (the very/high/right/about) time

折叠编辑本段第五类

表示祝愿话语中也可以用虚拟语气。

May godbless you.愿上帝保佑你。

May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.祝您健康长寿美满幸福。

折叠编辑本段第六类

在少数句型中，谓语用虚拟语气。

1)由that引导的句子(表示愿望或沮丧情绪)

That the rain would stop.但愿雨能停下来。

2)由would that引导的句子(表示但愿)

Would that he were gone.但愿他已走掉。

3)由to think引导的句子(表示没想到)

To think that I trusted him.没想到我竟然信了他。

折叠编辑本段wish和asif

1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望

构成:主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 (be 一律用were)

例如:I wish I knew everything in the world.我希望我知道世界上所有的事。

I wish that the experiment were a success.我希望这个实验是成功的。

We wish we had wings.我们希望有翅膀。

2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望

构成:主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词

例如:I wish that you had come yesterday.我希望你昨天来过。

I wish that I could have gone with you last night.我希望我昨晚能和你一起去。

I didn't go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.我没有去参加晚会，但是我真的希望我去过那里。

3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望

构成:主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词

例如:I wish that he could try again.我希望他能再次尝试。

I wish that someday I should live on the moon.

We wish that they would come soon.

II. ASif 引出的虚拟。

As if….表好像……我们经常会利用一下句型来表达不能实现的虚拟状态:It is as if……。 (就好象是……)

As if + 从句，

主句。 (好像…… Sb.+ do…)表达一种假设的条件。而 As if 之后的假设内容的语法结构和wish虚拟的结构一样。

L. 33 A Day to Remember 中原句， "As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives." 就利用了和现在事实相反的假设虚拟。北京新东方名师指出，要善于总结出一些学习语法的技巧，如利用对比，举例等方法进行学习。

注:Something is to happened，I'm to face it。

折叠编辑本段注意事项

使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点:

1.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为"错综时间条件句"，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如:

If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.

If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years' time.

2.if 省略句

在条件句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首 , 变为倒装句式。如:

If I were at school again, I would study harder.

→ Were I at school again, I would study harder.

If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.

→ Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.

If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

注意:若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。如:我们可以说:Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能说:Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.

3.用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for。如:

What would you do with a million dollars? ( = if you had a million dollars)

We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help. ( = if we hadn't got your help)

But for the rain ( = If it hadn't been for the rain ), we would have finished the work.

4.含蓄条件句

有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet. (副词)

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词)

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句)

I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词)

Everything taken into consideration, they would have raiser their output quickly. (独立主格结构)

混合型与含蓄型虚拟语气

1。混合型虚拟语气:

当虚拟条件从句与结果主语所表达的时间不一致时，被称为"混合条件句"，这种虚拟语气被称为"混合型虚拟语气"，动词的形式要根据它所表达的时间作相应调整。如:

If you had followedthe doctor's advice ,he would be all right now.(条件从句表达的时间是过去，因此用had+过去分词;主句表示的时间是现在，因此用would+动词原形)

2.含蓄型虚拟语气:

有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中

(1).用but for 、without(如果没有)等来代替条件从句，如

Without electricity human life would be quite different=If there were no electricity ,human life would be quite different

(2) 用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。如:

I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before. =I lost your address.If I hadn't lost your address ,I would have visited you long before.

(3) 虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。如:

He would have given you more help,but he was too busy

他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件--如果那时他不忙

He would lose weight,but he eats too much

他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃的太多了。也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件--如果他吃得不多。