Learning about Language教学设计(第二课时)

语法专题：定语从句

基本概念：

定语从句：在主从复合句中像形容词一样起修饰或限定作用的句子。Eg:

Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture.

先行词：被定语从句修饰的是先行词。先行词可以是一个词、短语、或是整个句子。

John passed the exam, which made his parents happy. Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture. 关系词：

引导定语从句的词是关系词。分为关系代词和关系副词。

定语从句的种类：

1. 限制性定语从句：通常与主句紧密相连，译为“……的”如果去掉整个句子所表达的意思就不完整了。Eg:

This is the book that I want to read.

2. 非限制性定语从句：在结构上通常与主句用逗号隔开，如果去掉的话不影响主句的意思。Eg:

The book, whose cover is very beautiful, belongs to him. 关系词的作用：1. 引导定语从句，连接主从句。

2. 指代先行词。

3. 在定语从句中充当成分。

关系代词：主、宾、表、定。

关系副词：状

先行关系词

词

分

Do you know the man who is talking with 从句成例

句

备

注

who 关系代

whom 词

人

主、宾

your mother? The boy (who) you are taking care of is my brother. who，whom, which和that在从句中做宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom 时，常可以省略，但I am working 人

宾语

The boy (whom) she loved died in 代词不能省略，也不the war.. 可以用that，who 介词提前时后面关系

人或whose 物

人或that 物

whose + n.. =

the + n. of

whom = of

whom the n. about history. 定语

如指物用which Eg: I saw a tree whose （…的）

The boy whose father works abroad leaves were black.

I sat next to a girl is my desk mate.

whose name was Marry. A plane is a machine that can fly.

主，宾，表（不用She is the pop star (that) I want to

I like those books whose topics are 于非限和介词后）

see very much. The book (which) I gave you was 主，宾，worth $10. which 物

表

The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected 人或as 物

主，宾

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.

时间状when 关系where 副

词

why 原因

语

turned down my offer. 地点

语

原因状I can’t imagine the reason why he 可用for which 时间

语

地点状This is the house where I was born. 可用prep.+ which met there. I will never forget the day when we 可用prep. + which by all of us. as做宾语一般不省略，常用于the same …

as, such… as, as… as, so…as 结构中

考点解析：

只能用that做关系词的情况：

(1) 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被强调，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the only, the very等修饰。Eg:

He is the only man that I want to see. (2) 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything…时；

He told me everything that he knows. (3) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰抑或先行词本身就是形容词最高级、序数词时。Eg: This is the most interesting book that I have read.

This is the first book that he has read. (4) 先行词既有人又有物时。Eg:

We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.

(5) 当句中已有who, which时，为避免重复. Eg：

Who is the man that is making a speech?

（6）先行词在主句中作表语，关系词在从句中作表语时。Eg:

Marry is no longer the girl that she used to be.

只能用which做关系词的情况：

(1) 引导非限制性定语从句，指前面的某事物或前面的整个主句并在句中做主、宾语时。Eg: He had failed in the exam, which made his father angry.

(2) 在介词后面，用which指代事物。

This is the room in which my father lived last year.

(3) 当先行词本身是that 时。Eg:

What is that which is flying in the sky? 由as引导的定语从句的几种常见情况：

(1) as引导非限制性定语从句，说明整个主句的内容，和which引导定语从句代替整个句子的区别是：which不能放在句首，而as则可以在句首、句中，as有“正如”、“就象”之意，而which则没有此意。Eg:

They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

(2）当先行词前有the same，such修饰时，或在

“so / as…as”结构中，表示“那样……以致”，后用关系代词as引导限制性定语从句。Eg:

He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.

(3) 在such…as结构中，as为关系代词，替代先行词，引导的是定语从句；在such…that结构中，that为连词，引导的是一个完整的结果状语从句。Eg:

That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）

That’s the same tool that I used last week. (同一把)

定语从句中的主谓一致：

(1) 关系词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定。Eg:

The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.

The students who are in Grade 3 are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

(2）当先行词为one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用复数动词；

当先行词为the (only)one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用单数动词。

Eg: He is the only one of the students that is never late .他是学生中唯一从不迟到的学生。

He is one of the students that are never late .他是从不迟到的学生之一。

关系副词相关考点：

(1)

当先行词为situation, case, point, job, condition…等表示情况、方面的模糊化、抽象化的地方并且从句中缺少状语时，常用where引导定从。Eg: Can you think of a situation where we can use this word correctly? After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed decide what to do. (2)

the way 做定语从句的先行词时，如果定从中少状语，用that、in which或×来引导定语从句。如果少宾语用that 、which 或×。如少主语用that 、which。

Eg:

I do not like the way that / in which /

× he spoke to me. The way (that / which )he told us is useful. 关系副词= 介词 + 关系代词(Prep. + which/whom)：

We could expect good decisions from you. We thought you were such a person. =We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.

.

You were to buy dog food with the money. The money is gone.

=The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone. How to choose the right prepositions

Examples:

1. He will never forget the day on which he failed in the exam 2. This is the hero of whom we are proud.

He is the man on whom I think you can depend

3. Air, without which man can’t live, is really important Conclusion：

1、_________________________________________________.

He will never forget the day ___ which he failed in the exam. Now the Internet is a popular channel (渠道）______ the public voice their opinions and show their strength. A. at which

B. at that

C. through which

D. through that 2、_________________________________________________.

This is the hero ____ whom we are proud

He is the man _____ whom I think you can depend

1).Is this the book ____ ____ you spent 10 yuan?

2). Is this the book ____ ____ you paid 10 yuan? 3). He gave me some reference books ______ _____ I am not very familiar.

3. ___________________________________________________. Air, ________ which man can’t live, is really important Mr. Tom is the boss of us, _______ ______ I am working.

1. 1949 was the year ____ which the P.R.C. was founded. 2. It is a famous school _____ which he graduated 3 years ago.

3. That was the pen _____ which he wrote the letter.

4. Do you remember the day ____ which we met the first time? 5. The sun gives us heat and light, ______ which we can’t live. 注意：在短语动词中介词不能提前,如：look for, look after, take care of等

I saw the watch which you are looking

for

? The old man whom I am looking

after

is better . 基本结构的拓展

1. 名词+介词+关系代词

This is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor. =This is the teacher _________________ is a famous doctor. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase（花瓶）, _______ was very reasonable（合理的）.

A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose

2. 数词+介词+关系代词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数）

We have three foreign teachers, ___________are from Canada. (其中的两个）

The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.

A. of which

B. which of

C. of them

D. of that

3. 代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等）

The old woman has two sons, __________ are teachers.（两个都是）

Last week, two persons came to see the house, ___________wanted to buy it. A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. all of whom

4. 形容词最高级/比较级+介词+关系代词

China has thousands of islands, _______________ is Taiwan Island.（其中最大的）

There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.

A. the larger

B. the larger of them

C. the larger one that

D. the larger of which

5. 介词+关系代词+名词

He spent four years in college, _____________ he studied medicine.（在那段时间内）

6. 复杂介词+关系代词

常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。

Eg：We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden. 解题基本步骤：1.判断是否为定语从句；

2.找出从句中所缺成分(主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语)从而判断是用关系代词还是关系副词；

3.找出先行词(看是人、物或者是其他状语)

注：缺主语：从句中谓语动词前没有主语。

缺宾语：1.从句中谓语动词为及物动词，后无宾语时；

2.从句中介词后无宾语；

3.从句中谓语动词为后可跟双宾语的动词

缺表语：从句中系动词后无表语时；

缺定语：从句中的主语与先行词表所属关系时；

缺状语： 1.被动语态中；

2.主系表结构的句子里；

3.谓语动词为不及物动词的句子里。

既缺先行词，又缺引导词的情况，如：

1)Is this factory ____ we visited last year?

2)Is this the factory ____we visited last year?

A. that

B. which

C. the one

D.what

解析：此类题目我们应先将其变为陈述句。1)变后为：This factory is ____ we visited last year。再有其汉语意思“这个工厂是我们去年参观的那一个”。可知1)中缺少先行词，答案中只有项the one 这个代词可以充当。故1)答案 C。

2)变为陈述句后为：This is the factory ____ we visited last year。由此可知此句缺少引导词。切先行词在从句中作宾语，因此答案为A或B。

选择引导定语从句的引导词是学习定语从句的难点。巧用以下口决，可化难为易。一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看否属特殊。

定语从句

一、考点聚焦

1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语

2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后

Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词

（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作

先行词。

（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：

①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。

This is the place which is worth visiting. ②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。

There are many places we can visit（them）in China. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词

关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。

关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。

5、确定关系词的步骤

（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。

（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。

6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which （1）先行词被①形容词最高级

②序数词

③数词几种词修饰或被

④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。

（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。

（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。

He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus. （4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。

The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. （5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。

Which are the books that you bought for me ? 7、宜用which而不用that的情况

（1）在非限制性定语从句中

（2）在关系词前有介词时

（3）当先行词本身是that时

（4）当关系词离先行词较远时

8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词

（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。

（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。

（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。

Who is that girl that is standing by the window? （4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。

9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如：

Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ? There is a room, whose window faces the river. There is a room, the window of which faces the river. 10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。

（1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。

Such books as you bought are useful. The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the

same tool that you used just now. （2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。

区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。

He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.

There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out. As is known, the earth is round, not flat. 11、关系副词when与where、why、that when 指时间

= in / at / on / during which where指地点

= in / at / from / which why指原因

= for which 当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）

I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks. 当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。

This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 12、必须注意的问题

（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。

（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。

①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。

②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。

③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。

It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）

（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。

②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。

Word came that their army

was defeated.(同位语) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) （4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。

①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。

②关系词作表语。

（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。

（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。

（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：

①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks

in the match.（句中one为先行词）

He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）

②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?

③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. ④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good

care of

in that faraway village.（NMET

2001）

A.until

B.that

C.when

D.where 解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。

2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET

2001) A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。

3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.(NMET

1996) A.which

B.where

C.that

D.when

解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。

4.The English play

my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

A. for which

B. at which

C. in which

D. on which 解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Year’s party was a great success.从句补全为独立句子应是my students acted in the play。所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。

5.There were dirty marks on her trousers

she had wiped her hands. A. where

B. which

C. when

D. that 解析：答案为A。本题考地点状语从句，用where引导。句意是“她的裤子上她擦过手的地方有脏痕”。此处不能用时间状语从句，排除C，本题易被误认为考定语从句，意为“在她擦过手的裤子上有脏痕”。定语从句修饰trousers，也只能用where。B和D可引导定语从句，但只作主、宾等成分。定语从句缺少状语，不缺主语、宾语，故不可用。

6.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,

the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which

B. during which

C. from which

D. for which 解析：答案为A。本题考定语从句，关系代词which指代the journey，定语从句恢复为独立句子应是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days,故选of which。

1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.

A. which

B. what

C. as

D. those

2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?

A. that

B. where

C. in which

D. the one

3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?

A. that B. where C. which D. the one

4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?

A. that B. where C. which D. the one

5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.

A. that B. where C. in which D. in that

6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.

A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what

7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..

A. how you have observed

B. what you have observed

C. that you have observed

D. how that you have observed

8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.

A. because

B. why

C. that

D. whether

9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.

A. all which

B. that

C. all that

D. which

10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.

A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which

11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.

A. as

B. that

C. which

D. what

12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.

A. which

B. it

C. that

D. what

13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.

A. which

B. whom

C. who

D. that

14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.

A. who is singing

B. is singing

C. sang

D. was singing

15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.

A. learn

B. who

C. that learns

D. who learn

16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.

A. that againsts

B. that against

C. who is against

D. who are against

17. Didn’t you see the man __________?

A. I nodded just now

B. whom I nodded just now

C. I nodded to him just now

D. I nodded to just now

18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?

A. that you talked

B. you talked about it

C. which you talked with

D. you talked about

19. Is there anything __________ to you?

A. that is belonged

B. that belongs

C. that belong

D. which belongs

20. ---- “How do you like the book?”

---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”

A. that

B. which

C. the one

D. the one what

21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.

A. the ones

B. ones

C. some

D. the others

22. The train __________ she was travelling was late.

A. which

B. where

C. on which

D. in that

23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.

A. where

B. in which

C. under which

D. which

24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.

A. which

B. where

C. that

D. about which

25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.

A. that you arrived

B. when you arrived

C. that you’ve arrived

D. when you’ve arrived

26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.

A. that

B. which

C. when

D. in which

27. May the fourth is

the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.

A. which

B. when

C. on which

D. about which

28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.

A. which

B. that

who

where

29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.

A. we stayed at

where we stayed at

C. we stayed

in that we stayed

30. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced?

A. in which

where

which

D. that

31. It is the Suez Canal __________ separates Asia __________ Africa. A. which, to

B. where, from

C. that, from

D. that, with

32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.

A. there

B. where

C. it

D. which 33. He is not __________ a fool __________.

A. such, as he is looked

B. such, as he looks

C. as, as he is looked

D. so, as he looks

34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal? A. which

B. what

C. why

D. for that

35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.

A. that

B. as

C. who

D. what 36. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.

A. two of whom

B. both of whom

C. both of which

D. all of whom

37. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.

A. who is

B. who am

C. that is

D. what is

38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.

A. who

B. that

C. from which

D. from whom

39. ---- Do you know the town at all?

---- No, this is the first time I __________ here.

A. was

B. have been

C. came

D. am coming

40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.

A. the way

B. the way in that

C. the way which

D. the way

of which

41. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold

watch and Della’s hair.

A. about which

B. of which

C. in which

D. for which

42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we __________.

A. would have

B. have had

C. had never had

D. had ever had

43. Do you know which hotel __________?

A. she is staying

B. she is staying in

C. is she

staying

D. is she staying in

44. There is only one thing __________ I can do.

A. what

B. that

C. all

D. which

45. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. in that

46. I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry.

A. them

B. that

C. which

D. those

47. They were interested __________ you told them.

A. in which

B. in that

C. all that

D. in everything

48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.

A. which we think it is

B. which we think are of

C. of which we think is

D. I think which is of

49. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last.

A. come

B. came

C. coming

D. comes

50. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.

A. which

B. who

C. that

D. /

参考答案：

1—5

AADBA

6—10

ABCCA

11—15

AADAD

16—20

CDDBC

21—25

ACBDC

26—30

AADAD

31—35

CABCB

36—40

BBDBA

41—45

BDBBC

46—50

CDBBC