Learning about Language公开课参赛课教案

主谓一致

杨华新

在英语中，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是所谓的“主谓一致”。寻其规律，大致可归纳为语法一致原则，逻辑意义一致原则，就近一致原则。下面就这三个原则分别论述如下：

一、语法一致原则

语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语单、复数形式上保持一致。

1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。

What she said is very important for us all. 她的话对我们都很重要。

Between the two hills stands a monument. 这座纪念碑矗立在两座小山之间。

另外，由what 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

What I bought were three English books. 我买的东西是三本英语书。

What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 我所说的所做的对你是有帮助的。

2. 由连接词and或both...and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。

The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. 当他们听到这个消息后，都惊呆了。

①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词应用单数形式。

Our teacher and friend is Mr. Li. 李老师既是我们的老师又是我们的朋友。

②由and

连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有

no, each, every,

或more than a(an)/one,

many a (an)修饰时, 其谓语动词要用单数形式。

Many a worker and engineer has succeeded in the experiment. 在这次试验中，许多工人和工程师取得了成功。

More than one student is here.

不只一个学生在这儿。

Each pen and each paper is found in its place. 纸和笔散落一地。

注意：如果是more+名词的复数+than one这一结构时，后面的谓语动词要用复数形式。

More students than one are here. 很多学生都在这儿。

3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有

with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, besides, along with, including, in addition to

等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语动词用复数形式。

E-mail, as well as telephone, is playing an important part in daily communication. 邮件和电话在日常交往中起着重要的作用。

Mr. Green, together with a baby was on the bus. 格林先生和一个孩子在车上。

4. either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语用单数。

Everything around us is matter. 一切都由物质构成。

注意：①在口语中当either或neither

后跟有“of +复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。

Neither of the texts is(are)interesting. 两篇课文没有一篇令人感兴趣。

②若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。

None of us has (have) been to America. 我们都没有去过美国。

5. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。people, police, cattle等名词都多用作复数。

The police are looking for the lost child. 警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。

而有些集体名词如family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience 等有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来确定。

My family was here two years ago. 两年前，我家搬到了这儿。

My family aren’t fond of music. 我们家人都不喜欢音乐。

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 四班的同学就班长人选未达成一致。

Class 4 is on the third floor. 四班在三楼。

6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of, the rest of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。

Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是由水覆盖。

50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 我班50%的学生是女孩。

此外，还有“a number of

+复数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数，但“the number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语用单数。

The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.

邀请了50人但一些因不同原因缺席。

但是large quantities of和large amounts of引导的短语作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。

Large quantities of money were spent on the bridge.

建这座大桥花了很多钱。

7. 如果主语是由“a kind of, a series(a species) of等+名词”构成，谓语动词通常用单数形式。

Is this kind of bicycle made in Shanghai? 这种自行车是由上海制造的吗? 但是bicycles of this kind

或these kinds of bicycles作主语时后面的谓语动词要用复数形式。

Books of this kind sell well.

这种书销售的好。

如果种类不是一种而是多种，谓语动词应为复数。

There are many kinds of pears. 梨有很多种。

二、逻辑意义一致原则

意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）

1.what, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。

Are any of you good at English? 你们都擅长英语吗？

All that can be done has been done. = What can be done has been done. 该做的都做了。

2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。

Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 这活三十分钟就足够了。

3.若主语是书名、影片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

The United States is smaller than China. 美国比中国小。

4.表示数量的短语“one and a half ”后边接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果。

5.算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词常用单数形式。

Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 56除以8等于7。

6.一些以 -ics结尾的学科名词如mathematics, politics, physics

等, 都是形式上的复数名词，实际上却为不可数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。

I don’t think physics is easy to study.

我认为物理难学。

7.复数形式的单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式主要取决于句子的意思。谓语动词用单数，表示单数概念；谓语动词用复数，表示复数概念。这类名词主

要有means(方式、方法), works（工厂）, species（种类）等。

Every means was tried to make him give up smoking.

试了每种方法让他戒烟。

All possible means have been tried to make him give up smoking. 所有可能的方法都试了让他戒烟。

8.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors（剪刀）等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of修饰），谓语动词用单数。

The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 床下面的那双鞋子是他的。

The two pairs of trousers are broken. 两条裤子都破了。

9.“定冠词the +形容词或过去分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，谓语动词用单数。

The old are taken good care of there. 在那儿，老人们受到很好的照顾。

The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 美好的事情令人愉悦。

三、就近一致原则

1.当两个主语由either ...or, neither ...nor, not only...but also..., whether...or...连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致。

Either the teacher or the students are our friends. 不论老师还是学生都是我们的朋友。

Neither they nor he is wholly right. 无论他们还是他都是错误的。

2.there be句型中，be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 房间里有两把椅子和一张桌子。

There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。

例1:The teacher together with the students

discussing Reading Skills that newly published in America. （2009•四川）

A. are; were

B. is; were

C. are; was

D. is; was 解析:选D。句中的谓语动词要与together with前面的主语the teacher（第三人称单数）一致；Reading Skills是书名，属于单数。

例2: The population of Jiangsu

to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. （2009•江苏）

A. has grown

B. have grown C. grew

D. are growing 解析:选A。从后面的is now approaching 74 million判断出时态应该用完成时态。又因为population作主语时谓语动词应该用单数，所以答案为A项。

例3:Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters,

visit Beijing this summer. （2009•陕西） A. is going to

B. are going to

C. was going to

D. were going to

解析:选A。together with前面的主语是第三人称单数，再由句子结构及句意可知，应该是一般将来时态。

例4: Either you or one of your students

to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. （2009•湖南）

A. are

B. is

C. have

D. be

解析:选B。句子的谓语动词应该与either ...or后面的名词one of your students一致，所以谓语动词应该为第三人称单数形式。

例5: At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport

that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area. （2009•江西） A. is

B. are

C. will be

D. was

解析:选A。句子的主语为one of the arguments为单数，所以句子的谓语动词形式应该是第三人称单数，再由“it will ...”可知，选A。

例6: The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities

rising steadily since 1997.

(2009•山东) A. is

B. are

C. has been

D. have been 解析:选C。句子的主语是“the number of+n.”，所以谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，又因为句中的时间状语引导词since“自从”，所以应该用现在完成时态。

例7: —Did you go to the show last night? —Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area

invited.（2008•陕西）

A. were

B. have been

C. has been

D. was 解析:选D。由and连接的主语如果由every修饰时, 其谓语动词要用单数形式。

例8: Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where

yet. （2007•浙江）

A. hasn’t been decided

B. haven’t decided

C. isn’t being decided

D. aren’t decided

解析: 选A。因为主语是when and where，所以谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，又根据句子中的yet判断，应该为现在完成时态。

例9: We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks

so small that a day is unimportant.（2007•湖南）

A. Is

B. are

C. has been

D. have been

解析:选A。根据句意可知，the time of days and weeks表述的是一个集体的概念，所以谓语动词用单数形式。

例10: A survey of the opinions of experts

that three hours of outdoor exercise a week

good for one’s health. （2007•江西）

A. show; are

B. shows; is

C. show; is

D. shows; are 解析:选B。句子的主语是a survey是单数形式，同时three hours of outdoor exercise a week表达的是一个整体的概念，所以谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。