Warming up、Pre-reading、Reading、Comprehending教案1

Notes To The Texts

for Unit 2 of Module 9

Sailing the Oceans by Adam Chang

SECTION I

KEY WORDS

1. nowhere

adv.

无处，什么地方都不。

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I have no job and nowhere to live. 我没有工作，也没有地方住。

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You’ve got to help me. I’ve nowhere else to go. 你一定要帮我，我没有别处可去了。

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He was getting nowhere with his homework until his sister helped him.

他在姐姐的帮助之下作业才有些进步。

nowhere to be seen / found / heard 哪儿也见/找/听不到。

链接高考：

Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else ________ such a beautiful place.（2004辽宁卷）

A. can you find

B. you could find

C. you can find

D. could you find

解析：选A。nowhere是否定含义的词。这类词前置到句首时，句子要用部分倒装的语序。

2. tear ( tore, torn )

⑴.

vt. pull forcibly apart or away or to pieces 撕扯，撕开，撕碎。

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He tore the letter in two. 他把信撕成了两半。

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He tore the parcel open and found the missing watch.

他撕开那包裹，找到了丢失的手表。

⑵. vi. become torn 撕碎，撕破。

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This kind of cloth tears easily. 这种布料容易撕破。

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Don’t pull the pages so hard or they will tear. 别那么使劲扯书页，那会撕破的。

3. alongside

⑴.

prep.

在...旁边。相当于beside。

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The car drew up alongside the road. 小车在路边停了下来。

⑵. adv. 靠着（轮船、码头等的）边。

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The boat moored alongside. 那只船靠着码头停泊下来。

对比along的用法：

⑴.

prep. 沿着，顺着。

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The old couple walked slowly along the path. 老夫妇沿着小路慢慢走着。

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I looked along the shelves for the book I needed.

我沿着书架一格一格寻找我需要的那本书。

⑵. adv. 向前，往前；随同，和…一道。

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The policeman told the crowds to move along. 警察叫人群向前走动。

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Come to the party and bring some friends along. 请来参加聚会并带些朋友来。

4. cope ( with … )

v. 对付、处理（问题、困难、灾祸等）。

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Her husband’s left her and the kids are running wild, so it’s not surprising that she can’t cope.

第1页

她丈夫离开了她，孩子们又不听管教，难怪她束手无策。

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She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in heavy traffic.

她不是一个称职的司机，在交通拥挤时就开不好车。

SECTION II

PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS

1. at the mercy of …

任由… 摆布或控制

ask / beg for mercy

请求宽恕

show mercy to sb. / have mercy on sb.

宽恕某人

2. work out

计算，算出；找到…的方法，解决；设计，计划。

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The boy worked out the answer quickly. 男孩很快计算出了答案。

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Can you work out what these signs mean ? 你能辨认出这些符号的意思吗？

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The general worked out a new plan of attack. 将军制定出了新的进攻方案。

3. tie … to ….

把…系（扎、拴、捆、绑）到…上。

be tied to … 系（扎、拴、捆、绑）在…上。

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The soldier tied the horse to a small tree. 士兵将马拴在了一棵小树上。

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The horse was tied to a small tree. 马拴在一棵小树上。

4. compare … to / with …

, compare … and …

将…和…相比较。

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Compare this hat with

that, and you’ll see which is better.

把这顶帽子同那顶比较一下，你就会知道哪一个更好了。

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Compared to / with

many others, you’re really a lucky dog.

与许多其他的人相比，你确实是一个幸运儿。

5. in / with relation to … 与…有关，涉及… 。

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The crop production is in relation to rainfall. 农作物产量与降雨量有关。

6. take over

接管，接手。

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The new headmaster took over yesterday. 新校长昨天接任。

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Mr. Collins will take over my duties a week after I leave.

我离开一星期后，科林先生就会接替我的职责。

7. be caught in …

陷入…（困境），被困于…之中。

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Sam was caught in a traffic jam when he was driving his car to work. 山姆开车上班途中遇到了交通拥堵。

8. join sb. in ( doing ) sth.

和某人一起做某事。

join in … 参加（活动）。

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Let’s join them in playing basketball. 咱们和他们一起打篮球吧。

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My wife joins me in sending you our best wishes.

我妻子和我一起向你们表示美好的祝愿。

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About 40,000 workers joined in the strike. 大约有四万工人参加了罢工。

9. in addition

加之，另外。相当于as well, besides。

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There was an earthquake and, in addition, there were tsunamis.

除了地震之外，还有海啸。

in addition to

除...之外。相当于：as well as, besides。

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In addition to the names on the list, there are six other applicants.

除了名单上的名字之外，还有六个申请人。

10. in … state

处于...状态；into … state

进入…状态。

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He looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state.

他面色苍白，衣服也搞得不成样子。

第2页

11. be determined to do sth. / determine to do sth.

决定、决意做某事。

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They were determined to stay in the front. 他们决心留在前线。

12. give up

放弃。

give in

让步，妥协；屈服，投降。

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“You must give up

fishing !” my friends say. “It is a waste of time. ”

“你可别再钓鱼了!”我的朋友们说，“这是浪费时间。”

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It was under attack for 900 days, but the people of the city never gave in.

这座城市遭受攻击九百天，但它的人民从未屈服。

13. take one’s mind off … 使某人的注意力离开…

keep one’s mind on… 专心于，把注意力集中于…

put one’s mind into / to… 专心于…

14. set loose

出发；开始。

15. at random

随便，任意。

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The terrorists fired into the crowd at random. 恐怖分子向人群胡乱射击。

SECTION III

KEY SENTENCES

PAGE 12 1. On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by.

在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手们可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。

不定式短语to navigate by作定语，修饰the sun。to navigate by与the sun之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，即：to navigate by the sun（借助于太阳导航）。

动词不定式的一般式作定语时，不定式动词与被修饰词在逻辑上可以构成主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或仅为修饰关系。当构成动宾关系时，不定式动词应是及物的，否则，要在不定式动词后加上适当的介词，以使动宾关系成立。

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I am very busy; I have some letters to write. 我很忙，我有些信要写。

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I have no topics to write about. 我没有话题可以写。

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He found some pens to write with. 他找到一些钢笔来写字。

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They have a lot of things to talk about. 他们有许多事情要谈。

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Because we have so much to choose from, many companies offer advice about what we should eat.

因为我们有这么多东西可以选择，许多公司给我们提供应该吃什么的建议。

PAGE 13 2. Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables.

后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。

现在分词短语using complicated mathematical tables作状语，表示方式。

现在分词作状语时，可以表示伴随情况、时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、让步、目的等，或对谓语动词所表示的情况加以修饰或补充说明。

⑴、表示伴随情况：

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They sat in a restaurant, looking over the broad St Lawrence River.

他们坐在饭店里, 俯瞰着宽广的圣劳伦斯河。

⑵、表示时间：

第3页

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Having put on warm clothes, they rushed out of the door.

穿上暖和的衣服之后，他们就冲出门去了。

⑶、表示原因：

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Knowing that he was an experienced worker, they often asked him for help.

因为知道他是有经验的工人，他们经常向他求助。

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Having been warned about the bandits, she left her valuables in the bank.

由于被警告过有盗匪，她把贵重物品都存放在银行里。

⑷、表示结果：

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He fell off the bike, breaking two of his front teeth.

他从自行车上摔下来，磕掉了两颗门牙。

⑸、表示方式：

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Reaching his hand out to the Japanese student, George expressed his welcome. 乔治向这个日本学生伸出手, 表示了他的欢迎。

⑹、表示条件：

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Turning to the left, you will find a path leading to the post office. 向左拐弯，你就可以找到一条通向邮局的小路。

⑺、表示让步：

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Admitting what he has said, we still think that he hasn’t tried his best.

尽管我们承认他所说的话，但是我们仍然认为他没有尽最大的努力。

⑻、表示目的：

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Many people come to theme parks looking for thrills and entertainment.

许多人来到主题公园寻找刺激和娱乐。

⑼、对谓语动词所表示的情况加以修饰或补充说明：

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Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.

请填好这张表，包括姓名、地址等。

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In Sydney the Chinese team won 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries.

在悉尼奥运会上，中国队获得了二十八枚金牌，在所有参赛国中名列第三。

解题关键：现在分词作状语时，不管其形式如何变化，确保其“逻辑主语”是句子的主语即可。

探索：对比现在分词作状语和其他非谓语动词形式作状语。

PAGE 13 3. It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments.

它被证明是这些早期航海仪器中最精确、最可靠的一种。

prove ( proved, proved ) or ( proved, proven )的用法：

⑴. vt.

证明，证实。可以构成：prove + O. + O.C.。

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He has proved his courage in battle. 他在战斗中证明了自己的勇气。

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Facts have proved that the creative power of the people knows no limits.

事实己经证明人民的创造力是无穷的。

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This just proves what I have been saying for some time.

这恰好证实了我长久以来所说的。

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However, what happened later proved me wrong. 然而，后来发生的情况证明我错了。

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His action is enough to prove him mad. 他的行为足以证明他疯了！

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He proved himself to be a capable manager. 他证明了自己是一位有能力的经理。

第4页

⑵.

link v.

证明是；显现为。

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Her advice proved right and valuable. 她的建议证明是正确的和合理的。

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The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career.

这次提升最后成了他职业生涯的一个转折点。

PAGE 18

4. As you can see from the map we kept to a straight course pretty well.

正如你在地图上所能见到的那样，我们很好地保持着这条直的航线。

as是关系代词，引导定语从句，as指代主句所述内容

“we kept to a straight course pretty well”.

as / which作为关系代词，有一个共同的用法，即引导非限定性定语从句，指代整个主句所述内容（即先行词是整个主句），或指代主句中所述内容的一部分。

在这一用法之下，as / which区别如下：

⑴、as引导的这一类型的定语从句位置灵活，可位于句首、句中、句末，而which引导的这一类型的定语从句只能位于主句之后；

⑵、as含有“正如、正像”之意，而which不含此意。

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The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

会议延期了，这正是我们所想要的。

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Our football team won in the end, which made all of us excited for a long time.

我们的足球队终于获胜了，这让我们大家着实激动了一阵子。

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As was expected, he performed the task with success.

正如所料，他成功地完成了任务。

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As we have known, the earth is becoming warmer and warmer.

正如我们所知道的，地球气候正在变得越来越暖。

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He was not unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.

他没有失去知觉，这从他的眼睛可以看出。

拓展：as在这种用法之下常见的表达有

as often happens 正如经常发生的那样；as is well known / as is known to all 众所周知；

as is often the case 情况常常这样；as we have expected 正如我们所预料的那样；as is supposed 正如所料；as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的；as is usual with sb. 某人通常会…；as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样；as has been said before 如前所述；等等。

PAGE 18 5. You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in Timor.

你简直无法想象我们在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子。

以下使用比较级的结构，其实表示“最…”的意义。

⑴、比较级+ than any other + [C]单数

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The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.

长江比中国任何其他河流都长。

⑵、比较级+than+含any-的不定代词+else

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Tom is taller than anyone else in the class. 汤姆比班上其他任何人都高。

⑶、比较级+than all ( the ) other+[C]复数

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The Yangtze River is longer than all the other rivers in China.

长江比中国所有其他河流都长。

⑷、比较级与not, no, never, nothing, few等表示全部否定含义的词连用

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She can’t be more beautiful. 她简直美极了。

第5页

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No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself.

思考与讨论：

PAGE 13 2. The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.

指南针有一个特殊的磁针，始终指着北极。因此人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向。

讨论：that the ship needs to go是定语从句吗？如果是，有毛病吗？

PAGE 18 3. Time was, after all, what we had a lot of ! 毕竟，我们有很多时间！

思考：去掉of会怎样？

SECTION IV

GRAMMAR

谓语

一、谓语的定义：谓语是表述主语的动作、特征、状态的句子成分。总是由动词（短语）的各种形式来担任，称为“谓语动词”。

二、谓语的类型：（参看P101-102 of Book 9）。

三、谓语动词的分类：包括完全动词和不完全动词

1、完全动词：能独立作谓语的动词称为完全动词，即实义动词。

2、不完全动词：不能独立作谓语的动词称为不完全动词。包括：

⑴、助动词。包括：be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）, do（does, did）, have（has, had, having）, will（would）, shall（should）等。

⑵、连系动词。包括：be（am, is, are, was, were, have been, will be等），seem, look, keep, stay, remain, become, get, turn, grow, prove, sound, smell, taste, feel等。

⑶、情态动词。包括：can / could, may / might, shall / should, will / would, have to, ought to, used to, need, dare等。

四、谓语的构成：

⑴、只由完全动词（短语）充当

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The new term begins on the 1st of September.

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His face brightened up when he was told to have won the first prize.

⑵、由不完全动词和完全动词共同充当

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We were talking about the school days when he came in.

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They have not collected enough money for the project yet.

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Jones has had a car accident, and he is now unable to do his work.

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Bruce said he had been waiting for a reply.

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We will be having a meeting this time tomorrow.

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It can’t have rained last night, for the ground is dry.

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I called him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

第6页

大概没有人会像我那样快乐地度过童年。

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This film is very interesting. I have never seen a better one.

这部电影很有趣，我从来没有看过更好的电影了。

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Nothing is more valuable than time is. 没有什么东西比时间珍贵。

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Few are better qualified for the job than he is. 再没有谁比他更适合做这项工作了。

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We would have finished our paper if we had been given five more minutes.

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You look familiar. We must have met somewhere before.

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He may be waiting at the station now.

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You ought to begin with English 900.

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You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading room.

五、谓语的变化：体现在构成谓语的完全动词和不完全动词的变化，主要包括五个方面，即人称、数、时态、语态、语气。

⑴、人称和数的变化：谓语动词在人称和数方面要与主语保持一致，即

“主谓一致”。

⑵、时态和语态的变化：谓语动词的时态有十六种，中学英语中常见十二种；语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。另外，不完全动词也有时态、语态变化，如did / could / might分别是do / can / may的过去式，助动词do的被动语态形式是done。

⑶、语气的变化：英语主要有三种语气，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。语气的变化通过谓语动词的特定形式来表现。

关于谓语的变化，请参看《主谓一致》、《虚拟语气》、《时态语态》等语法专项。首先，要记牢谓语动词的时态和语态的变化：

⑴、在主动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下：

一般

进行

完成

完成进行

have / has been doing had been doing X 现在

do / does 过去

did shall / will 将来

do

am / is / are doing have / has done was / were doing shall / will be doing had done shall / will have done

另外, 过去将来时的形式是: should / would do或should / would be。

⑵、在被动语态中，各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下：

一般

进行

am / is / are being done 完成

have / has been done had been done shall / will have been done 完成进行

X X X 现在

am / is / are done 过去

was / were done was / were being done 将来

shall / will be done X

另外, 过去将来时的被动语态形式是should / would be done。

PRACTICE

D1. The twins, who ________ their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. （2014安徽卷）

A. will finish

B. finish

C. have finished

D. had finished C2. —

Hi, let’s go skating.

—

Sorry, I’m busy right now. I ________ in an application form for a new job.（2014北京卷）

A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill B3. Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves ________ half an hour.（2014北京卷）

第7页

A. by B. in C. for D. until C4. — What time is it? — I have no idea. But just a minute, I ________ it for you.（2014北京卷）

A. check B. checked C. will check D. would check D5. I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ when I arrived.（2014北京卷）

A. started B. was starting C. would start D. had started C6. Unless extra money________, the theatre will close.（2014大纲卷）

A. was found

B. finds

C. is found

D. found

C7. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ________ them since.（2014大纲卷）

A. sees

B. saw

C. has seen

D. had seen

A8. —

Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?

— I went to Ningxia and ________ there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.（2014福建卷）

A. stayed

B. stay

C. had stayed

D. am staying B9. Since the time humankind started gardening, we ________to make our environment more beautiful.（2014湖南卷）

A. try

B. have been trying C. are trying D. will try D10. Whenever you________ a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view. （2014湖南卷）

A. bought

B. have bought

C. will buy

D. buy C11. — How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? — Well, the media ________ it in a variety of forms.（2014江苏卷）

A. cover

B. will cover

C. have covered

D. covered D12. — Tony, why are your eyes red ? — I ________ up peppers for the last five minutes. （2014江西卷）

A. cut

B. was cutting

C. had cut

D. have been cutting D13. Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we________.（2014山东卷）

A. will expect

B. are expecting

C. expect

D. had expected

B14. They made up their mind that they________ a new house once Larry changed jobs.（2014山东卷）

A. bought

B. would buy

C. have bought

D. had bought

B15. During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ________. （2014陕西卷）

A. would recommend

B. had recommended

C. have recommended

D. were recommending C16. She ________ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.（2014四川卷）

A. phoned

B. had phoned

C. was phoning

D. has phoned C17. We won’t start the work until all the preparations ________.（2014天津卷）

A. are being made

B. will be made

C. have been made D. had been made B18. Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she ________ most of the guests before. （2014浙江卷

）

A. has seen

B. had seen

C. saw

D. would see A19. You’d better write down her phone number before you ________ it.（2014重庆卷

）

A. forget

B. are forgetting

C. forgot

D. will forget

B20. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ________until yesterday.（2014重庆卷

）

A. will come B. was coming

C. had come D. came 第8页

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [2013]

（2013北京卷）

C Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ________ into at least ten different films over the past years.

A. had been made B. was made

C. has been made D. would be made

（2013北京卷）

B

—

Do you think Mom and Dad ________ late? —

No, Swiss Air is usually on time.

A. were B. will be C. would be D. have been

（2013北京卷）

B Hurry up! Mark and Carl ________ us.

A. expect B. are expecting C. have expected D. will expect

（2013北京卷）

C —

So what is the procedure? —

All the applicants ________ before a final decision is made by the authority.

A. interview B. are interviewing

C. are interviewed D. are being interviewed

（2013全国大纲卷）

C We ________ very early so we packed the night before.

A. leave

B. had left

C. were leaving

D. have left

（2013福建卷）

D The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.

A. took

B. is taking

C. takes

D. has been taking

（2013安徽卷）

A I’m calling about the apartment you ________ the other day. Could you tell me more about it?

A. advertised

B. had advertised

C. are advertising

D. will advertise

（2013湖南卷）

D “What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I ________ president, “ said the boy, with a smile.

A. have been B. am

C. was

D. will be

（2013湖南卷）

第9页

A Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ us.

A. bothers B. had bothered C. would bother D. bothered

（2013湖南卷）

D If nothing ________ , the oceans will turn into fish deserts.

A. does B. had been done C. will do D. is done

（2013湖南卷）

C —

Have you heard about the recent election? —

Sure, it ________ the only thing on the news for the last three days.

A. would be B. is C. has been D. will be

（2013湖南卷）

B — I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

—

I’m so sorry. But I ________ my homework.

A. had done B. was doing C. would do D. am doing

（2013江苏卷）

A — Could I use your car tomorrow morning? — Sure. I ________ a report at home.

A. will be writing

B. will have written

C. have written

D. have been writing

（2013江苏卷）

A — What about your self-drive trip yesterday? — Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ________ a rough ride.

A. had

B. have

C. would have

D. have had

（2013江西卷）

D I ________ to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.

A. come B. came C. am coming D. was coming

（2013辽宁卷）

B He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ________ if for a very long time.

A. has had

B. had had C. has

D. had

（2013辽宁卷）

B We are confident that the environment ________ by our further efforts to reduce pollution.

A. had been improved B. will be improved

C. is improved

D. was improved

（2013山东卷）

B I didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it ________ pretty good.

A. has been

B. was

C. had been

D. would be

（2013山东卷）

C —

Oh no! We’re too late. The train ________ .

第10页

—

That’s Ok. We’ll catch the next train to London.

A. was leaving B. had left

C. has left

D. has been leaving

（2013陕西卷）

A On Monday mornings it usually

________ me an hours to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.

A. takes

B. is taking

C. took

D. will take

（2013陕西卷）

C Jim ________ a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.

A. watched

B. had watched

C. was watching

D. would be watching

（2013四川卷）

D Hurry up, kids! The school bus ________ for us!

A. waits

B. was waiting

C. waited

D. is waiting

（2013天津卷）

D The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers

________ one of the main pipes.

A. had repaired

B. have repaired

C. repaired

D. are repairing

（2013新课标卷I）

C If we ________ now to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.

A. hadn’t acted

B. haven’t acted C. don’t act

D. won’t act

（2013新课标卷I）

A When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I ________ my mind.

A. have changed B. change C. had changed D. would change

（2013重庆卷）

B I felt very tired when I got home, and I ________ straight to bed.

A. go

B. went

C. had gone

D. have gone

第11页