Learning about Language教案3

Unit 1 Cultural relics Period 2: Learning about Language (The Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause)

Aims: To learn about the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause To discover some useful words and expressions To discover some useful structures Procedures: I. Warming up

Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions

Please turn to page 3. Do exercises 1, 2 and 3 first. Please check your answers against your classmates’. Warming up by explaining

Now, class, since you’ve read the passage, could you explain to me how to use the phrase “belong to”? The word “to”

here is a preposition, indicating the possession, and is always followed by nouns or pronoun. Look at Ex 3. II. Learning about Attributive Clause 1. What is an adjective Clause? An adjective clause

is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like “which?” or “what kind of?” Consider the following examples: Adjective

the red coat

Adjective clause

the coat which I bought yesterday

Like the word “red” in the first example, the dependent clause “which I bought yesterday” in the second example modifies the noun “coat.” Note that an adjective

clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before. In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns “who(m),” “that,” or “which.” In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing: informal

The books people read were mainly religious.

formal

The books that people read were mainly religious.

informal

Some firefighters never meet the people they save.

formal

Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.

Here are some more examples of adjective clauses: the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun “meat” and answers the question “which meat?”.

They’re talking about the movie which made him cry

This clause modifies the noun “movie” and answers the question “which movie?”.

They are searching for the student who borrowed the book

The clause modifies the pronoun “student” and answers the question “which student?”.

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?

The clause modifies the noun “author” and answers the question “which author?”.

2. Restrictive & non restrictive clauses

Do the following pairs of sentences mean the same thing? 1a My uncle, who lives in London, is very rich. 2b My uncle who lives in London is very rich.

2a The policies, which were unpopular, were rejected by the voters. 2b The policies which were unpopular were rejected by the voters. 3a

My niece, whose husband is out of work, will inherit the house, which I have always treasured. 3b My niece whose husband is out of work will inherit the house which I have always treasured. The first sentence in each pair has a non-restrictive clause within two commas, and the second has a restrictive clause.

A non-restrictive clause simply adds more information into the sentence and does not affect the meaning of the main clause:

it is therefore bracketed off with commas (1a = an uncle who happens to live in London).

Conversely, a restrictive clause defines its referent in the main clause more specifically and contributes significantly to the meaning of the sentence.

Thus it is that particular uncle who lives in London who is referred to (1b).

In 2a, all policies were unpopular and all were rejected, whereas in 2b only the policies that were unpopular were rejected.

Note that in restrictive clauses the non-human relative pronoun is either ‘that’ or ‘which’, whereas for human referents the relative pronoun can be either ‘who/m’ or ‘that’ (the man that/whom I will marry ....).

3. A test on FORMAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Directions: Combine the sentences. Use formal written English. Use (b) as an adjective clause. Punctuate carefully.

1) (a) An antecedent is a word. (b) A pronoun refers to this word.

An antecedent ____ 2) (a) The blue whale is considered the largest animal that has ever lived.(b) It can grow to 100 feet and 150 tons.

The blue whale ____ 3) (a) The plane was met by a crowd of 300. (b) Some of them had been waiting for more than 4 hours.

The plane ____

4) (a) In this paper, I will describe the basic process.(b) Raw cotton becomes cotton thread by this process.

In this paper, I will describe ____ 5) (a) The researchers are doing case studies of people to determine the importance of heredity in health and longevity.(b) These people’s families have a history of high blood pressure and heart disease.

The researchers are doing case studies ____ 6) (a) At the end of this month, scientists at the institute will conduct their AIDS research. (b) The results of this research will be published within 6 months.

At the end of this month, scientists ____

7) (a) According to many education officials, ‘math phobia’(that is, a fear of mathematics) is a widespread problem. (b) A solution to this problem must and can be found.

According to many education officials, ‘math phobia’ ____

8) (a) The art museum hopes to hire a new administrator.

(b) Under this person’s direction it will be able to purchase significant pieces of art.

The art museum ____ 9) (a) The giant anteater licks up ants for its dinner.

(b) Its tongue is longer than 30 centimeters (12 inches).

The giant anteater ____

10) (a) The anteater’s tongue is sticky.

(b) It can go in and out of its mouth 160 times a minute.

The anteater’s tongue ____

III. Closing down by taking a quiz Quiz on Attributive clause Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. The words you choose should fit the blank in the sentence. Don’t use the HINT buttons unless you really need them. 1. As many children

came were given some cakes.

A. that

B. as

C. who

D. whom

2. The visitors saw rows of houses the roofs

are red.

A. on which

B. of which

C. where

D. that

3. I usually take a nap after lunch,

is my habit.

A. which it

B. as it

C. as

D. that

4. Please tell me the way

you did the job.

A. how

B. where

C. which

D. in which

5 Is this museum

some German friends visited the day before yesterday?

A. the one

B. which

C. that

D. where

6. The farmer uses wood to build a house

to store grain.

A. in which

B. where

C. that

D. with which

7. I shall never forget the years

I spent in the country with the farmers,

has a great effect on my life.

A. when, which

B. that, which

C. when, that

D. which, that

8. Little has been done

is helpful to our work.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. all that

9. Perhaps this is the only market

you can get such cheap goods. A. that

B. of which

C. by which

D. where

10. We’ll put off the outing until next week, __

we won’t be so busy. A. when

B. which

C. at which

D. in that