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Grammar (The Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause)

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to

Knowledge aims: 1. learn about the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause 2. discover some useful words and expressions 3. discover some useful structures Ability aims: catch the differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause. Teaching important and difficult points:

分析、总结定语从句的关系代/副词的选取规则

Teaching methods: 1. Task-based teaching and learning 2. Cooperative learning 3. Discussion 4.Practice Teaching procedures: Step I. Warming up (有效导入) Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions

Please turn to page 3. Do exercises 1, 2 and 3 first. Please check your answers with your classmates. Warming up by explaining

Now, class, since you’ve read the passage, could you explain to me how to use the phrase “belong to”? The word “to” here is a preposition, indicating the possession, and is always followed by nouns or pronoun. Look at Ex 3. Step II. Learning about Attributive Clause(研讨展示) 1. What is an adjective Clause?

An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like “which?” or “what kind of?” Consider the following examples:

Adjective

the red coat

Adjective clause

the coat which I bought yesterday

Like the word “red” in the first example, the dependent clause “which I bought yesterday” in the second example modifies the noun “coat.” Note that an adjective clause usually comes after

what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before. In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns “who(m),” “that,” or “which.” In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing: informal

The books people read were mainly religious.

formal

The books that people read were mainly religious.

informal

Some firefighters never meet the people they save.

formal

Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.

Here are some more examples of adjective clauses: the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun “meat” and answers the question “which meat?”.

They’re talking about the movie which made him cry.

This clause modifies the noun “movie” and answers the question “which movie?”.

They are searching for the student who borrowed the book.

The clause modifies the pronoun “student” and answers the question “which student?”.

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?

The clause modifies the noun “author” and answers the question “which author?”.

2. Restrictive & non- restrictive clauses

Do the following pairs of sentences mean the same thing? 1a My aunt, who lives in London, is very rich. 2b My aunt who lives in London is very rich. 2a The policies, which were unpopular, were rejected by the voters. 2b The policies which were unpopular were rejected by the voters. 3a

My niece, whose husband is out of work, will inherit the house, which I have always treasured. 3b

My niece whose husband is out of work will inherit the house which I have always treasured. The first sentence in each pair has a non-restrictive clause within two commas, and the second has a restrictive clause. A non-restrictive clause simply adds more information into the sentence and does not affect the meaning of the main clause: it is therefore bracketed off with commas (1a = an aunt who happens to live in London). Conversely, a restrictive clause defines its referent in the main clause more specifically and contributes significantly to the meaning of the sentence. Thus it is that particular aunt who lives in London who is referred to (1b). In 2a, all policies were unpopular and all were rejected, whereas in 2b only the policies that were unpopular were rejected. Note that in restrictive clauses the non-human relative pronoun is either ‘that’ or ‘which’, whereas for human referents the relative pronoun can be either ‘who/m’ or ‘that’ (the man that/whom I will marry ...). Step III. Practice(拓展提高) Quiz on Attributive clause 1.

The earthquake___________ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American

history. 2.

We don’t know the number of people

_________ lost their homes in 1906 earthquake.

3.

The house ____________ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.

4.

A house ____________ is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.

5. Luckily none of the people ______________ I know were killed in the earthquake. 6. Harry is the boy ________ mother is our maths teacher . 7.The reason ____ he gave for his being late was that he had stayed up too late

8. The reason ____ he didn’t turn up at the meeting was that he had had an

9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____________ she could turn for help.

A. that

B. who

C. from whom

D. to whom 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of ________ hadn’t been cleaned

for at least a year.

A. these

B. those

C. that

D. which

Step Ⅳ. Summary(强化小结) 1. 限制性定语从句: that 指________，在从句中作__________。

which 指________，在从句中作__________。

who 指________，在从句中作__________。

whom 指________，在从句中作__________。

whose 指________，在从句中作__________。

where 指________，在从句中作__________。

when 指________，在从句中作__________。

why指________，在从句中作__________。

2. 非限制性定语从句：

1）与限制性定语从句的区别；

2) 不能用that引导非限制性定语从句。

StepⅤ. Homework Review what has been learned in this period. 板书设计：

The Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause

1.Leading in 2.Grammar learning 3.Practice 4.Summary 5.Homework