Learning about LanguagePPT专用课堂实录内容

定语从句

引导定语从句的关系代词

that which who whom whose that即指人又指物, 作主语或宾语。

which指物, 作主语或宾语。who, whom指人, who作主语, whom作宾语。that, which, whom在定语从句中作宾语时, 可省去。

1. that在从句中作主语或宾语, 指人和物

1)A plane is a machine that can fly.

2)The noodles that I cooked were delicious

3)Let’s ask the man that is reading the book over there. 4)The girl that we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister.

2. which在从句中作主语或宾语, 指物

1).They planted the trees which didn’t need much water. (主语)

2) The fish which we bought were not fresh.

(宾语) 3. who, whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语

(口语中who也可作宾语) 1)

The foreigner who visited our school

2)

yesterday is from Canada. (主语) 3) The boy who broke the window is called Michael. (主语)

4) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (宾语)

5) Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write . (宾语) 4. whose 在从句中作定语, 指人或物

1)Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.

2) This is the boy whose composition the teacher talked of .

3) This is the book whose cover is blue. 5. 当先行词是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those 等, 指人时一般用who, 不用that。

Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.

在以疑问词who开头的句子中, 或关系代词在从句中作表语时, 用that, 不用who。

Who is the man that is shouting there?

She is not the girl that she used to be.

6. 先行词是人, 从句中缺动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用whom或that(介词后不用that)。

The teacher wants to return the book to the girl from whom he borrowed it.

He is the student (whom, who, that) you want to see.

关系代词

that, which, whom 在从句中作宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则

不可省略, 如上面第一句from后面的whom就不能省略。

that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。

7下列情况只用that不用which引导定语从句。

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1) 先行词是

all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, none, no one, some等

不定代词。

Is there anything that I can do for you?

2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the right,

等所修饰时。

The only thing that he could do was waiting.

The last place that they visited was Beijing.

3) 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the first film that I’ve ever seen.

The last place that they visited was Beijing. 4) 先行词中既有人又有物时。

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. 5) 先行词被

the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。

6) 在疑问词

who、which、what开头的句子中, 要用that。

Whoever that is content with a little progress can’t make big achievements.

7) 关系代词在定语从句中作表语只用that。

He is no longer the man that he used to be.

This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.

真题解析

1. The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.

A. where

B. when C. which D. who

2. (2006 北京) Women ___drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ___ don't.

A. who;/ B. /; who C. who; who D. /;/

3. (2006 福建) Look out! Don't get too close to the house ___ roof is under

repair.

A. whose B. which C. of

which

D. that

4. --Is that the small town you often refer to?

--Right, just the one ___ you know I used to work for years. (2005 福建)

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. what 8. 在定语从句中, 当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时, 就要分别用关系副词

when,

where, why来引导, 在从句中作状语。关系副词

when, where, why 的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构, 因此常常可以和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。

1. I remembered the day when (on which) I first came to the school.

2. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 3. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused to help you?

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9. 选择关系代词, 还是关系副词首先要判断先行词在定语从句中充当的成分：

关系代词一般充当主语、宾语

(whose充当定语); 而关系副词一般充当状语。

1. This is the factory where I stayed last year.

2. This is the factory which I visited last year. 3. I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you in the city. 4. I’ll never forget the days that I spent with you in the city. 注意

1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2) that 前不能有介词。

3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when，

where 和

why 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

定语从句专项练习

1. A football fan(球迷) is _____ has a strong interest in football.

A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what

2. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.

A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof

3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?

A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about

4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.

A. that B. what C. why D. for which

5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.

A. which B. that C. who D. whom

6. Who _____ has common sense（常识）

will do such a thing?

A. which B. who C. whom D. that

7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.

A. that B. those C. which D. what

8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.

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A. what B. that C. which D. where

9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.

A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all

10. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.

A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which

11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day?

A. that B. where C. in which D. the one

12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday?

A. that B. where C. in which D. the one

13. -How do you like the book?

-It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.

A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what

14. Which sentence is wrong?

A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.

B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?

C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land.

D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.

15. The train _____ she was traveling was late.

A. which B. where C. on which D. in that

1-5 CADAB 6-10 DABDC 11-15 ADCAC

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Inversion(倒装句) 全部倒装

1. 用于

there be 句型。

There are many students in the classroom.

原句自然顺序是：

Many students are there in the classroom.

２. 用于“here (there, now, then) + 不及物动词

+ 主语的句型中, 或以out, in, up, down, away 等副词开头的句子里面, 表示强调。



Here comes the bus.



There goes the bell. 

Now comes our turn.



Out went the children.

3. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时, 也常引起全部倒装。

•

From the valley came a frightening sound.

•

Under the tree stands a little boy. 1) ____ a letter for you. A.

There are

B. Is here

C. Here is

D. Is there 2) ____ a big paper-making factory by the lake. A.

There stands

B. Does there stand

C. Standing there is

D. It is standing 3) _______ and caught the mouse.

A.

Up the cat jumped

B. The cat up jumped

C. Up jumped the cat

D. Jumped up the cat 4) -Where is your father?

-Oh, _______. A. here he comes

B. he here comes

C. here does he come

D. here comes he 5) Look out! ______ A. The bus come there

B. There comes the bus. C. Does the bus come?

D. Comes the bus there.

6) Under a big tree ____, half asleep. A. did sat a fat man

B. a fat man sat

C. did a fat man sat

D. sat a fat man 部分倒装

１. 用于only开头的句子(修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句)

Only in this way can you learn English well. ２. 用于

never, hardly, seldom, little, at no time, not only, rarely, little, not a bit 等否

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定词开头的句子里。

Never shall I do this again.

３. 用于no sooner than, hardly when 和

not until的句型中。

No sooner had she gone out than the class began.

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. ４. 用于

so, nor, neither 开头的句子, 表示重复的内容。此句谓语应与前句谓语的

时态形式一致。



Jack can not answer the question. Neither can I.



He has been to Beijing. ____________

So have I.我也去过（指不同的人）

So he has他确实去过（指同一个人）

1) My wife is a teacher, and ___.

A. so am I

B. so I am

C. also I am

D. too I am 2) She is not fond of cooking, ___ I.

A. so am

B. nor do

C. neither do

D. nor am 3) Mr. Smith promised to help me and____ the next day.

A. neither he did

B. so he did

C. neither did he

D. so did he ５. 在

so/such …that 的结构中，若so/such 置于句首，则句子部分倒装。

1)

It is such an interesting book

that John has read it twice.

2)

It is so interesting a book

that John has read it twice.

Such an interesting book is it that John has read it twice

So interesting a book is it that John has read it twice.

6. 由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。

他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。

Child as/though he was, he had a good command of English. 7. 用于某些祝愿的句子。

1) May you succeed!

2) Long live China!

配套练习

1. ---Do you know Jim quarreled

with his brother?

---I don’t know, _______.

A. nor don’t I care

B. nor do I care

C. I don’t care neither

D. I don’t care also

2. Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious the pollution was.

A. did the villagers realize

B. the villagers realized

C. the villagers did realized

D. didn’t the villagers realized

3. Only in this way ____ do it well.

A. must we

B. we could

C. can we

D. we can

4. Hardly ____ when it began to rain.

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A. had he arrived

B. arrived he

C. he had arrived

D. did he arrive

5. Only when class began ____ that he had left his book at home.

A. will realize

B. he did realize

C. did he realize

D. should he realize 6. Not a single mistake ____ in the dictation yesterday.

A. did he make

B. made by him

C. he made

D. he had made

7. No sooner ____ his talk than he ___ by the workers.

A. he finished; surrounded all

B. did he finish; did surround

C. had he finished; was surrounded

D. after he finished; was surrounded near

8. At the foot of the mountain _____.

A. lie a beautiful lake

B. does a beautiful lake lie

C. lies a beautiful lake

D. do a beautiful lake lie 9. I finally got the job. Never in all life ___ so happy.

A. did I feel

B. I felt

C. I had felt

D. had I felt 10. _____ the plane. A. Down flying

B. Down was flying

C. Down flew

D. Flew down

11. -She plays the piano very well.

- _________.

A. So every one of us does

B. Every one of us does

C. So does every one of us

D. So do every one of us 12. The door opened and there ____.

A.

enters an old man

B. entered an old man

C. did an old man enter

D. an old man entered 1----5 BACAC

6—12ACCDCCB Subjunctive mood

一、语气的分类

英语的动词一般可带三种不同的语气:

陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式来表示。



陈述语气

I went to the theatre yesterday. Jack hadn’t come back home yet.



祈使语气

Let’s go.

Don’t touch anything on the table until the bell rings.



虚拟语气

If I were you, I would not leave her alone.

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Our teacher suggested that we go to the library this afternoon. 一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法

条件从句

If 从句的谓语形式

主句的谓语形式

现在

V+ ed (were)

would/could/should/might +V (原)

过去

Had done

would/could/should/might+have+p.p.

1. V. + ed. 未来

2. should+ V.(原)

would/could/should/might +V.(原) 3. were to do

如果现在不下雨的话, 我们就出去野餐了。

If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 如果他来这儿, 他就能够帮助你了。

If he came here, he might be able to help you.

要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。

She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.

今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。

If she hadn't called me, I would have overslept this morning.

明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。

If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French. 要是失败了，我会再试一次。

If it should fail, I would try again. 二、虚拟语气特殊句型: 1. wish 的宾语从句

现在: 过去时(were) 过去: 过去完成时(had done) 未来: would/could/might +V.(原)

should 我现在要是年轻十岁就好了。

I wish I were ten years younger now. 我昨天要是遇见他就好了。

I wish I had met him yesterday. 我希望成为一名科学家。

I wish I would be a scientist.

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表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。

I wish/wished I hadn’t eaten so much watermelon

2. would rather that 现在:

过去时

过去:

过去完成时

未来:

过去时

I would rather you paid me now. I would rather I hadn’t come yesterday.

I would rather you came tomorrow. 3. as if /though + 从句

现在：过去时

过去：过去完成时

She loves the baby as if it were her own son. I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. 4. It’s (about/high) time +that

过去时(were)/should(不省) +V 你该走了。

It’s high time that you went.

It’s high time that you were going.

It’s high time that you should go.

5. 表示要求、命令、建议的虚拟语气。使用should + 动词原形，或者将should省略。

常见动词: 一个坚持，两个命令，

三个建议，四个要求。即

1) insist

2) order, command

3) advise, suggest, propose 4) demand, require, request, ask I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should) be sent there. 一些介词短语, 如: but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), in that case(如果是那样的话), 表示含蓄的条件, 这时主句要用虚拟语气。

Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. 练习

1. ______ he come, the problem would be settled.

A. would

B. should

C. shall

D.

if

2. _______, man could not live at all .

A. were it not for the sun

B. if it was for the sun

C. had it not been for the sun

D. if it shouldn’t be for the sun

3. ______. Everything would have been all right.

A. he had been here

B. here he had been

C. been here he had

D. had he been here

4. ____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

A. would you be

B. should you be

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C. could you be

D. might you be

5. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ____ there.

A. was B. were C. had been D. went

6. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ____ two weeks to prepare for

the exam.

A. give

B. should give

C. be given D. would be given

7 I’d rather you ____ right away.

A. leave B. left C. will leave D. to leave

8. It is strange that such a thing ____ in your school.

A. will happen

B. happens

C. should happen

D. happened

9. It is required that you _____ at six.

A. will arrive

B. arrive

C. arrived

D. would arrive

10.If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.

A. had known

B. would know

C. should know D. knew

1---5BADBC

6----10 CBCBD

The use of “it”

一、

用作人称代词, 代表前面提到的人或事物

1)

Who’s it?

________ me.

2)

Look at the picture. _____ is a picture of our school. 二、用于代替指示代词this 和that。

---Is this jacket yours? ---Yes, ______ is. 三、用以表示时间、距离、天气、气候、季节、环境等

1)

It is half past eight now. 2)

It’s only half an hour’s walk from here to our school.

3) I hope that it will be fine tomorrow. 4) It has rained much this year. 5) It’s spring now.

6) It’s quiet here.

四、it 用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词, 而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾

1. 代作主语的动词不定式

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1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此处adj.

通常为描述事件的形容词: easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful，useless, dangerous…

It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. 2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处adj.

通常为描述人的形容词: kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. It's kind of you to help me with the problem. 3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It’s no good/use doing…

It’s (well) worth doing…

It’s (well) worth one's while doing/to do…

It’s (well) worth while doing/ to do

It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 2. it作形式主语替代主语从句

①It is adj. + clause

It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain …) that ...

该句型中it 是形式主语, 真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句, 常译为“清楚(显然, 真的……)”, 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。

e.g. It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.

②It is v-ed that…=sb./sth. is to do

It is said (reported/ learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped.....) that ...

该句型中的it 仍是形式主语, 真正主语是that 引导的主语从句; 该结构常译为“据说(据报道,

据悉…)”。

It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 五、it作形式宾语

当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词宾语从句时, 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it 作形式宾语, 放在宾语补足语之前。

该句型中的it 作形式宾语, 常用的动词有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。

I think it no use arguing with him. 我认为和他争吵没有用。

I found it very interesting to study English. 我发现学英语非常有趣。

He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 他非常清楚地表示他对那门学科不感兴趣。

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六、用于强调句型中

It + be+被强调部分

+ that/who(a person)从句

I met Tom in the park yesterday

1) It was I who met Tom in the park yesterday. 2) It was Tom who I met in the park yesterday. 3) It was in the park that I met Tom yesterday

4) It was yesterday that I met Tom in the park.

七、it 常用的固定搭配

1.

make it 1)

在口语当中相当于succeed, 表示: 成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

如:

It's hard to make it to the top in show business. 2) 在口语中相当于fix the date for, 表示“约定好时间”

如:

—Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. take it/things easy

相当于Don’t worry or don’t hurry. 用来劝告别人, 表示“不要慌, 别担心, 沉住气”

Take it easy！He will do it well. 3. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中, 相当于it hasn‘t been decided yet, 表示“那

得看情况, 还没有定下来”

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. 4. It's up to sb.

在口语中, 相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定, 由……负责, 取决于……”

—Shall we go out for dinner？

—It's up to you. Exercises: 1. I hate ______ when people talk with their mouths full.

A. it

B. that

C.these

D. them

2. In which play is

______ your brother will appear?

A. that where

B. this when

C. it that

D. it where 3. ______ the harder you work, the better result you’ll get.

A. It’s believed that B. What we believed that

C. It’s fact

D. What the fact is

4. Nothing can stop us, _______?

A. can’t it

B. can it

C. can’t we D. can we

5. ---Can you tell us how the war was won in the end ?

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--- I don’t know, ________.

A. It’s hard to say

B. It

doesn’t matter

C. It’s no use saying

D. It depends on the work

6. Does ______ matter a lot

whether she will come here by bus or by taxi?

A. The thing

B. that

C. it

D. her mother 7. ---Listen! Someone is unlocking the goods.

---_____ must be your father coming back from Beijing.

A. It

B. There

C. That

D. This 8. ---Have you written a letter to her ?

---No, but I’m going to write _____ tonight.

A. it

B. that

C. those

D. one 9. --- Are they coming to the meeting?

--- ________.

A. I know so

B. I am sure so

C. I am sure of it

D. I question it 10. _______ now pretty late, we took candles and went upstairs.

A. Being

B. For

C. For being

D. It being 1—5 ACABA

6—10 CADAD

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