Using LanguageⅡ教案及板书设计

非谓语动词

非谓语动词有3种：不定式，动名词和分词。

非谓语动词

在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）

不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化. 不定式

主动语态

被动语态

与谓语动词的关系

一般式

To do To be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后

进行式

To be doing

与谓语动作同时发生

完成式

To have done To have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前

动名词

主动语态

被动语态

与谓语动词的关系

一般式

Doing Being done 与谓语动作同时发生

完成式

Having done Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前

现在分词

主动语态

被动语态

与谓语动词的关系

一般式

Doing Being done 与谓语动作同时发生

完成式

Having done Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前

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不

定

式

不定式由

“to do”构成，其否定式

“not to do”。不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，

没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单独作谓语。

一

不定式的时态，语态

1 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生

He pretended not to know me when I met him in the street.

2 进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生

He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom.

3

完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前

He is said to have learned English in Britain for a year.

一般式

进行式

完成式

主

动

to do

to be doing

to have done

被

动

to be done / to have been done The flowers need to be watered. A railway is said to be being built now. No harm seems to have been done.

二. 不定式的用法

1

作主语

To see is to believe.

It is right to give up smoking. 2

作表语

My job is to teach English. 3

作宾语

He wanted to go.

I find it hard to work with him.

常见用不定式作宾语的动词:

want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refuse, swear, expect, plan, would like, make up one’s mind, be determined 4

作补语

He asked me to open the door. 常见用不定式作宾补的动词:

advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, persuade , prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, consider .

5

作定语

He is looking for a room to live in. 第

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There’s nothing to worry about.

不定式作定语的用法：

不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：

I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）

He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）

He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）

He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）

注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：

Do you have anything else to say?

2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：

I need a pen to write with .

(I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)

I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看

6

作状语

（1）

做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）如：

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

He came to the school to see his son. （2）

作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：

He hurried to the post office only/just to find it was closed. He searched the room only to find nothing. （3）

做原因状语。如：

We were very excited to hear the news. I’m glad to see you. （4）

做条件状语。如：

To turn to the left , you could find a post office. 7

疑问词+不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表

He didn’t know what to say.

How to solve the problem is very important.

My question is when to start. 8

作插入语

To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.

to be sure

to be frank

to sum up

to begin /start with

to make matters worse

to be brief 四

不定式的省略

为避免重复可用to来代替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love后

eg:

I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

--- Would you come to the party?--- I’d love to, but…

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如果在省略不定式中含有be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。

eg: --- Are you on holiday?--- No, but I’d like to be.

--- I didn’t tell him the news. --- Oh, you ought to have.

省to 的动词不定式

1、

情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）

2、

Would rather, had better. 3、

感官动词

see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略

to. 注意：在被动语态中

to 不能省略掉。如：

I saw him dance.

He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night. They were made to work the whole night. 4、

使役动词

let, have, make. 5、

由

and, or 和

than 连接的两个不定式，第二个

to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. 6、

Help 可带

to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth. 7、

Why…/Why not…

8、

But 和

except 前是动词

do的任何一种形式时，后面出现的动词用不带

to 的动词不定式。试比较：

He wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 动

名

词

动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加not, 在句中起名词的作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。

一

动名词的作用

1

作主语

Seeing is believing.

Choosing what to eat is not as easy as before.

There is no joking about such serious matters.

It is no use / good doing sth.

动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别

Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一次具体动作）

2

作表语

: My job is teaching. 3

作宾语

I like swimming.

He is fond of playing football. * 下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语）

advise, allow, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep mind, miss(错过), practice, 第

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permit, risk, resist, suggest, can’t

help(情不自禁)，can’t

stand(无法忍受), give up, feel like, put off, be busy, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, devote… to, get down to, be used to, object to, have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good time (in)

下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。

Stop to do 停下来去做

stop doing 停止做

Forget to do 忘记要做

forget doing 忘记做过

Remember to do 记得要做

remember doing 记得做过

Regret to do 遗憾要做

regret doing 后悔做过

Try to do 企图做，尽力做

try doing 试着做

Go on to do 继续做（另一件事）

go on doing 继续做（同一件事）

Mean to do 打算做

mean doing 意味做

In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour. A

waiting

B

to waiting

C

wait

D

to be waiting 答案：A 4 作定语

动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：

a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall there are a lot of swimming pools in the city. 注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。

如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。

如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping

a developing country =a country which is developing

（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

如：a washing machine = a machine for washing

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming

二

动名词的时态和语态

1

一般式：

动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时

We’re interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us. 2

完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 第

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一般式

完成式

主

动

doing

having done

被

动

being done having been done

He likes being helped.

He was afraid of being left alone.

The house showed no sign of having been damaged. 动名词的主动形式表被动意义

be worth doing need/ want/ require/ deserve doing

stand/ bear doing 三

动名词的复合结构

动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不一致的情况。如果不一致，则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。

* 若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。

His coming made me very happy. Peter’s coming made me very happy.

分

词

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的构成v

+ing, 过去分词为v +ed。其否定式在其前加not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。

一

分词的时态和语态

过去分词无时态和语态变化

现在分词有时态和语态变化

一般式

完成式

主

动

doing

having done

被

动

being done having been done 一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生

Being a student, he was interested in books. The question being discussed is important. 完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生

Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well. Having been criticized by th 现在分词和过去分词的区别：

在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；

在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。

二

分词的作用

1

作定语

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We can’t drink the polluted water.

the water polluted by the waste The man standing by the window is our teacher.

e.g

boiling water

falling leaves

boiled water

fallen leaves

2

作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：

The film is touching. The glass is broken. She looked tired with cooking. He remained standing beside the table. The news is inspiring.

The glass is broken. 3

作补语

常用的动词为感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice使役动词：have, make, let

We saw the teacher doing the experiment. (see sb. do 区别)

He tried to make himself understood.

4. 作状语

现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. If the trees were given, the trees could have grown better.(条件) Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend. Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因). Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(让步)

5. 作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking 一般说来

talking of (speaking of) 说到

strictly speaking 严格地说

judging from 从···判断

all things considered 从整体来看

taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：

Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。

He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随) He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)

Taken 3 times a day, the medicine will have a good effect. (条件) （五）分词独立主格结构

当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：

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Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.

The meeting being over, they all left the room.

(六）

分词的语态

1、

通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：

He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人

She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。

2、

不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：

a retired person 一个退休的人

a fallen ball 一个落下来的球

a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴

（七）

分词的时态

1、

与主语动词同时。如：

Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。

The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president. A

to prepare

B

preparing

C

prepared

D

was preparing 答案：B 2、

先于主语动词

分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：

Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk. After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk. 做完作业，他出去散步。

______ a reply, he decided to write again. A

Not receiving

B

Receiving not

C

Not having received

D

Having not received 答案：C

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