Learning about Language教学实录与评析

Book Two第一单元重要知识点

词汇学习重要点

1.rare: 稀罕的，稀有的，珍贵的

fare: 车费; 船费; 飞机票价

This is a rare book/stamp/plant/animal.

2.survive: v. 幸免，幸存，生还，比…活得久

survivor: 幸存者, 生还者

★survive the fire/accident/earthquake 幸免于火灾/事故/地震

He survived his wife by eight years.

他比他的妻子多活了8年

3. dynasty：

朝代，王朝

(in) the Tang/Song/Yuan/Ming/Qing Dynasty

泰姬陵是印度最知名的古迹之一,处于北方邦阿格拉,是莫卧儿王朝第5代皇帝沙·贾汗为了纪念已故皇后姬蔓·芭奴而兴建的陵墓,竣工于1654年。泰姬陵的修建耗竭了国库,导致莫卧尔王朝的衰落。它由殿堂、钟楼、尖塔、水池等构成,全部用纯白色大理石建筑,用玻璃、玛瑙镶嵌,绚丽夺目、美丽无比。有极高的艺术价值,是伊斯兰教建筑中的代表作。2007年7月7日，成为世界新七大奇迹之一。泰姬陵是印度穆斯林艺术最完美的瑰宝,是世界遗产中的经典杰作之一。沙·贾汗死后被合葬于泰姬陵内他的爱妃泰姬的身旁。

4. in search of : 寻找

look/hunt/search/fish for…: 寻找

1) She is in search of a new life/boyfriend. 2) I will go to search/look for your lost son.

3) Ms Wang has searched the boy for your pen.

普鲁士是欧洲历史地名，在这里建立的普鲁士王国曾是德意志境内最强大的邦国。19世纪，普鲁士王国通过三次王朝战争统一了德意志, 普鲁士实现了德国人完成民族统一的夙愿。1943年，美英苏三巨头第一次在德黑兰聚首，三国领导人达成共识：在战后，德国可以被允许存在，但作为德国一部分的普鲁士一定要在地图上被抹去。二战结束后，说到做到的同盟国把东普鲁士的首府哥尼斯

堡及其周边地区补偿给苏联，改名加里宁格勒。东普鲁士的剩余部分被划给波兰。至于奥得河—尼斯河以西的普鲁士地区，则和其他德国领土一起被分为四块，分别由美、苏、英、法占领。1947年2月25日，占领德国的盟军管制委员会颁布第46号暂行法，宣布“普鲁士国中央政府及附属各级机关即日起解散”。同日，联合国管理委员会又颁布了第47条法令，宣布“以普鲁士为名的国家正式灭亡。

5. amaze: v.

使惊奇

amazing: adj.

使人/令人惊奇

amazed: adj.

惊奇的，吃惊的

（surprise

amaze

shock）

★

be amazed at/by…: 对…感到惊讶

frighten – frightened -- frightening

upset

-- upset

-- upsetting 1) The news will amaze all the teachers. 2) The news is amazing. 3) We are amazed at/by his progress in his study. 4) His amazed look shows that he has passed the test.

6. select: v. 选择，挑选

(含仔细之意) choose – chose – chosen : 选择; 挑选

choice: n. 选择

The people are selecting things that they want.

7. design: n. 设计，

图案，

构思

v. 设计，设想，构思

1)Who designed the bridge over the river? 2)The design of the Amber Room was difficult.

8. fancy: adj. 奇特的，

异样的

v.

想象，设想，

爱好，喜欢

1) Your idea is fancy. 2) More and more people fancy sports. 3) Do you fancy going fishing this afternoon? 4) I can’t fancy Rose (to be) a spy.

5) I can’t fancy Rose (as) a spy.

1 9. style: n. 风格，风度，类型

1) The hotel has lost lots of its style. 2) The man does everything with style. 3) What style of apartment do you want to buy?

10. decorate:

v.

装修，装饰

They will decorate their rooms in such a style.

11.

belong to…:

属于，为…的成员

1)All the islands there belong to China. 2) Do you belong to the middle school?

彼得一世（1672年－1725年），原名彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·罗曼诺夫, 后世尊称其为“彼得大帝”(Peter the Great)。1682年即位,1689年掌握实权发动改革。作为罗曼诺夫朝仅有的两位“大帝”之一,在位期间对俄国推行的政治、经济和军事等改革,他制定的西方化政策是使俄罗斯变成一个强国的主要因素。彼得大帝一般被认为是俄罗斯最杰出的皇帝。他继位后积极兴办工场,发展贸易,发展文化、教育和科研事业,同时改革军事,建立正规的陆海军,加强封建专制的中央集权制。继而发动了战争,夺得波罗的海出海口,给俄罗斯帝国打下坚实基础。可以说,近代俄国的政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的发展史无不源于彼得大帝时代。

12. in return (for):

作为报答，回报

★in turn:

轮流，依次，转而,

反过来

1) She will buy me a bike in return for what I did 10 years ago. 2) If we drive in turn, we won’t be tired.

3) I told Kate the news and she in turn told it to Mary.

13. troop: 群，队，军队

Chinese troops

a troop of goats/students

14. at war: 处于战争状态

The two countries are at war now.

15. remove: v. 移动，搬动，移开，脱去, 排除

They are removing boxes from the truck

叶卡捷琳娜二世·阿列克谢耶芙娜（1729年—1796年），俄罗斯帝国皇帝,是俄罗斯历史上唯一一位被冠以

“大帝”之名的女皇。1744年被俄罗斯女皇伊丽莎白·彼得罗芙娜挑选为皇位继承人, 彼得三世的未婚妻。1745年与彼得结婚并皈依东正教。在1762年率领禁卫军发动政变而即位。叶卡捷琳娜主张开明专制、严厉的法治主义、法律面前人人平等。在叶卡捷琳娜统治期间,俄罗斯帝国向南、向西扩张,从奥斯曼帝国和波兰-立陶宛联邦手中将包括新俄罗斯、克里米亚、北高加索、右岸乌克兰、白俄罗斯、立陶宛和库尔兰在内的大片领土纳入囊中。三次瓜分波兰,对土耳其作战取得黑海沿岸地区,并吞并了克里米亚汗国。1796年11月,因中风结束辉煌的一生。叶卡捷琳娜在位时期因治国有方、功绩显赫,当时使俄罗斯成为名副其实的欧洲最强大的国家。其才干与名气也闻名海内外,成为俄国人心目中仅次于彼得大帝的一代英主,被尊称为“叶卡捷琳娜女皇”,也被尊称为“大帝”。叶卡捷琳娜被称为风流女皇，一生有很多情人，据说有23人。

16. less than:

少于

= fewer than

more than= over: 超过

There are less than 5000 students in the school.

17. doubt：v./n.

怀疑

I doubt if/whether……:

I don’t doubt that…….:

Do you doubt that…….:

There is no doubt about/ that…:

毫无疑问

There is some doubt whether…: 是否…还很难说

have (no) doubt about/that…: 对…有(无)疑问

1) There is no doubt that she will study hard. 2)There is some doubt whether she will sweep the floor. 3) I don't doubt that she will come back. 4) Do you doubt that she will come back? 5) I doubt if/whether she will come back.

18. mystery n. 谜，神秘的人/事物

The tomb of Caocao remains a mystery.

19. former: 以前的，从前的

latter: 后面的

★The former…, the latter…: 前者…后者…

I miss my former friends very much.

20. worth: adj. 值得的，有…的价值,

(古)值钱的

n.

价值，作用

1) The vase is worth 10,000 dollars. 2) This book is (well) worth reading twice. 3) This music is worth listening to. 4) Do you know the worth of the painting?

21. rebuild: v.

build again

重建

Do they want to rebuild Yuan Ming Yuan?

rewrite

reread

reappear

rearrange

recharge reconsider

recount

redevelop

redo

reelect

refill regain

rejoin

remake

remarry

rename

reopen

reorganize

replay

reproduce

rerun

reuse

restate retell

rethink

reunite

22. local: 本地的;当地的

1)He is a local farmer/man. You’d better leave right away. 2)She was educated at a local school, after which she went to Oxford University.

23. apart：分离地，分别地

1)They are living apart. 2) The two cities are 40 miles apart(相距).

24. take apart: 拆开

take (an active) part in…: (积极)参加

We will have to take apart the plane this evening.

25.explode: v. 爆炸

(blow up = burst: 爆炸) 1)Many cars exploded during the war. 2)The bomb will explode/burst/blow up soon.

2 painting(s):

画; 油画

suffering(s)：苦难; 痛苦

drawing(s)：画; 素描画

26. entrance：入口

exit: n. 出口

★at the entrance to/of…: 在…的入口

Your sister is waiting for you at the entrance to the cinema.

27. sink: v. 下沉，沉没

(sank, sunk/sunken) The Titanic sank over 100 years ago.

28. think highly of：

对…评价高

think(speak) well/little/poorly/badly of:

对…评价好/差

think nothing/little of:

认为…平常/容易/没什么了不起

1)The people think highly of the heroes. 2) The heroes are highly thought of by the people.

29. debate: n./v.

争论，辩论

1)Let’s open/close the debate.

2)They will have a class debate tomorrow. 3)We must debate the question with them.

其余部分重要点

1. prove ( to be ) + 形容词/名词: 证明是, 表明是（主动语态）1)Your plan proved (to be) practical/useful. 2)The man proved (to be) a wise leader. 3)This theory can be proved.

2.She wonders whether (or not) he will join the army. = She wonders whether/if he will join the army (or not).

3. be used to do sth:

被用来做什么

used to do/be …:

过去常做…/过去是…

【此结构通常不接过去时间，但when可以。】

be used to doing sth/名词/代词：习惯于…

1)They are used to living in the countryside now．

2)The bricks will be used to build a room.

3)We used to swim in the river when we were young. 4)She used to be at her uncle's home. 5)He used to be a doctor. 6)He is used to any hard work．

4. ……could have done ……:

(过去) 可能做了什么

(过去) 本应该做什么;

(过去) 本可以做什么

……can’t/couldn't have done …: (过去)不可能做了什么

1) ---- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ----Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Kate. 2)Harry could have won the match easily yesterday, but he gave up. 3)I didn't see her at the meeting this morning; she can’t /couldn’t have spoken at the meeting.

4)The king could never have imagined the gift would have an amazing history.

sorrow/joy/delight/surprise

amazement /anger

5. to one's

satisfaction/ horror

disappointment/shame = to the sorrow of sb:

使某人悲痛/高兴/惊奇/气愤/满意/恐惧/失望/羞愧的是

【to

前加much/quite, 名词前加

great表示“很”之意。

】

1)To Rose's delight/amusement, her father came back at last. 2)To my great surprise, he managed to survive the plane crash. 3)Usually John would be late for meetings. But this time, much to our surprise, he arrived on time.

6. rather than :

而不是，代替，不愿

(rather than在句首，接动词原形) or/but rather:

更准确/确切地说，或者

other than :

除了

other than = except, but, apart from

other than = besides 1)She is clever rather than stupid. 2)We will play chess rather than watch TV. 3)I would prefer to go to Australia in January rather than in July. 4)Tom, rather than Kate, was killed in the accident. 5)Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 1)My relatives, or rather my uncle, wants to buy the farm. 2)Betty is very clever, or rather very hard-working. 3)I've got a new flat, or rather a large room. 4)Seeing me, or rather my car, he ran away as fast as possible. 5)He got home late last night, or rather early this morning. 1)Do you have any special interests other than your job?

(besides) 2)In that case, there is nothing you can do other than wait. (but) 3)You can't get there other than by swimming. 4)There is nobody here other than me.

(but/except) 5)English is now spoken in many countries other than Great Britain.

(besides)

7. It takes/took/will take (sb) + 时间

to do…:

做什么需要/花费某人多少时间。Sb pay …for…………….…:

某人为…支付多少钱

Sb spend 时间/钱……...…:

某人花费时间/钱……

Sb take时间to do…..……:

某人做什么需要多少时间

Sb take时间over…………:

某人做什么需要多少时间

Sth costs/cost sb + 钱……..:

什么花费某人多少钱

Sth costs/cost + 钱……..…..:

什么值多少钱

1)It took many artists ten years to build the king’s tomb.

2)The air-conditioner costs 400 dollars. 3)The air-conditioner cost me 400 dollars. 4)Such difficult work costs lots of time and effort. 5)Drunk/Drunken driving will cost you your life.

3 8. light: v. 点燃，照亮

light-------lit--------lit: 谓语时用

light-------lighted--------lighted: 定语时用

1)There is no electricity. She has lit a candle for us. 2)She gave us a lighted candle just now.

9.

either…or…:

不是…就是…

neither/not…nor…:

(二者)都不是…

not… but…:

不是…而是

not only/just…(but) (also)…:

不但…而且

【以上作主语，动词与最近的主语一致。】

1)Neither you nor he is very ill. 2)Neither he nor you are very ill. 3)Are either you

or

Kate going to attend the meeting?

4)Not only you but also she was free last Tuesday. 5)Not only he but also you were free last Tuesday. 6)Charlie Chaplin was not only a director but also an actor. 7)He not only directed the film but also acted in it. 8)Not only is the girl clever but she also studies hard.

(not only在句首，该句要倒装。)

10. 前句为主从复合句时，附加句通常与主句一致。

1)It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your party, does it? 2)I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did, didn’t I? 3)There was a loud sound after the concert ended, wasn’t there？ ………………………………………………………………………

★I/We think that…,

附加句与从句一致。

（主语二/三人称）think that…, 附加句与主句一致。

【suppose, believe, feel, guess, imagine, expect, consider用法同】

1)I/We think that the school will become more and more beautiful, won't it? 2)She thinks that the school will become more and more beautiful, doesn't she? 3)I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they？

4)He doesn't think that you have had supper, does he?

11. a good/great deal of + 不可数名词: 许多

in/during the Qin/Tang Dynasty: 在秦朝/唐朝

(in) those days: 在那些日子里，在过去

(in) these days: 现在

in …style: 以…的风格

serve/act/work as…: 担任, 充当

the UN peace-keeping force: 联合国维持和平部队

be ready for:

为…作准备

in difficulty/difficulties: 在困难中

by the light of the moon: 借助月光

fill in the table/blank/chart/file: 填表/填空/档案

fill in/out/up the form:

填表

a large/big sum of money: 一大笔钱

have no idea：不知道

take/make a note of: 记录, 记下

for oneself:

为自己，独自，亲自

real name:

真名字

So much, the better.

那就更好了。

Well done﹗

棒极了！

at the entrance to/of…:

在…入口

in/at the centre of: 在…的中心

in the middle of + 地方/时间: 在…的中心/中间

in the middle of the day/night:

中午/半夜

develop/have/show an interest in…: 对…感兴趣be/become interested in…: 对…感兴趣

There must be…: 肯定有…

than any other + 单数名词：比任何别的

be for/against…:

支持/反对

(to)tell the truth: 说老实话

make sure to do sth:

保证/一定做什么

make sure that 句子：

保证，确保

make sure of…:

保证，确保

……………………………………………………………………

for sure/certain: 肯定地，确定地

1)Nobody knows for sure/certain what kind of man he is. 2)The war is over

for sure/certain.

定语从句(二) 在复合句中，修饰或限制某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

A.

先行词

+ 连词（关系代词）+ 陈述句

who

(先行词为人。主语，宾语。) whom

(先行词为人。宾语。)

that

(先行词为物/人。主语，宾语。)

which

(先行词为物。主语，宾语。)

B.

地方

+

where(状语)

+

陈述句

时间

+

when(状语)

+

陈述句

where = at/on/in which

when = at/on/in which

C. 先行词（物/人）

+

whose

+

名词

…

whose: 某人的/某物的

D.

先行词(人) + 介词

+ whom + 陈述句

先行词(物) + 介词

+ which + 陈述句

常这样用的介词有: of

in

on

at

about

with without

for

to

after

above 1)The animal that/which the scientists are interested in is the tiger. ●The animal in ____________the scientists are interested is the tiger. 2)The expert (that/who/whom)my father is talking with is from Europe. ●The expert with ___________ my father is talking is from Europe. 3)In the street there is nobody (who/whom) I can turn to for help. ●In the street there is nobody to _____________ I can turn for help.

4 E. 名词/数词/ some/many/most/all/both/none/neither/ either/each/few/any/half + of which/whom……

= of which/whom

+ 名词/数词/ some/most/all /none…

1)Last week, two people came to look at the house,

both of __________ wanted to buy it . ●Last week, two people came to look at the house.

Both of ____________ wanted to buy it . 2)I have 9 friends, ,one of ____________ is a soldier. 3)I have 9 friends

two/some/all of ___________ are soldiers. ●I have 9 friends. Two/Some/All of __________ are soldiers. 4)The factory makes 100 ships every year,

most of ___________

are sold abroad. ●The factory makes 100 ships every year.

Most of __________ are sold abroad. 5)I have 9 cars, , one of ____________ is very expensive. 6)I have 9 carstwo/some/all of _________ are expensive. ●I have 9 cars. Two/Some/All of___________ are expensive. 7)The house, the wall of ___________ was destroyed in the quake, has been repaired. ●The house, whose wall

was destroyed in the quake, has been repaired.

F. during/at which time等形式:

介词

+ which + 名词:

【which:关系限定词，可译为: 这, 那】

1)Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003，during __________ time he studied very hard.

(定语从句)

●Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003.

During __________ time he studied very hard.

(不是定语从句) 2) He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.

G. which

代主句或主句的一部分所引导的定语从句：

1)Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which

made all the others upset. 2)Kate has made great progress, which shocks her mom. 3)Betty always tells lies, which we find strange.

H. as代主句或主句的一部分所引导的定语从句：

定语从句在句首时;定语从句是被动结构时; 定语从句含有“正如,像,如像”等意义时; 关系代词用

as。

as is said:

据说

as we/I know:

正如我们/我所知

as is known to all/us:

众所周知

as we/I/anyone can see: 正如我们/我/任何人能看到的

as has been said before:

像以前所说

as is mentioned above:

正如上面提到的

1)As is said, your aunt has gone abroad. 2)As has been mentioned above, the bridge was built in 1600. 3)As

we know, British English is a little different from American English. 4)“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” as the old saying goes(说).

I. 限制性和非限制性定语从句：

前者与主句关系密切,无从句,句意不完整。

后者与主句关系不是很密切, 从句和主句间常有一逗号。

非限制性定语从句的连接词不能是that。

非限制性定语从句的连接词通常不能省去。

先行词（人），

who/whom

（宾语）

先行词（人），

who

（主语）

先行词（物），

which

（主语，宾语）

先行词（时间），

when

（状语）

先行词（地方），

where

（状语）

先行词(人/物)，

whose

(定语) 先行词，介词

+

whom（人）/ which (物) 1)Now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, ______________ is quite unexpected. A. that

B. which

C. who

D. it 2)Many countries are now setting up national parks,

__

animals and plants can be protected. A. when

B. which

C. whose

D. where 3)The Science Museum, ____________we visited last month, is one of London’s tourist attractions. A. that

B. which

C. what

D. where 4) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ________ the weather may be better. A. that

B. where

C. which

D. when

J.

几种特殊的定语从句

1. 先行词business, family, activity, race, job, work, position, stage…当地方看待, 定语从句用where引导：

5 1)The woman works in a business where/(in which) everyone is busy all day long.

(business: 职业,行业,

企业,公司,商店) 2)Life is like a long race where

we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.

(比赛) 3)Today we have reached a stage where we have almost all the

rights.

(地点) 4)We have come to a point (at which)/where/when we must decide what to do in the future . 【point有两个意思是“地点”，“时间”】

2. stay, occasion(时间/时机), incident(事件)等当时间看

待，定语从句用when引导：

1)She’ll never forget her stay there when she found her missing son.

(停留；逗留) 2)Occasions

are quite rare when

I have the time to spend holidays with my family.

(时机, 时间) 3. 定语从句常用that的情况：

A. 名词前有最高级, 序数词。

B. all, some, much, little, few, none, everything, anything, nothing, something等指物时。

C. 先行词前有all, every, some, any, no-, little, much, few, one, the only/very/right/last时。当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。

D. 行词既有人又有物时。

E. There be + 物

+ that …；

【There be + 人

+ who …】

1)He is the tallest man ________ I have ever seen in the world.

2)The third watch _____ is on the table will be given to my sister. 3)He has burned everything ________ is very important to the case. 4)This is the only/very animal __________

lives in this forest. 5)Mr. Brown is the only person that/who will attend

the

meeting. 6)All the farmers who/that are in the hall will get some books about agriculture. 7)Please send us all the information ___________you know about the president. 8)They will talk about the plants and the people __________

they saw in Tibet. 9)In the pond there are lots of fishes __________are eating something happily. 10)There are nine teachers in the office ___________ are preparing lessons.

●先行词是someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, nobody, all, one, ones 等指人时，关系代词用that, who, whom(宾语)都可以。

1)I will tell the good news to everyone that/who will go camping next week. 2)Anyone (that/who/whom) you praised just now will be given two dollars. ●先行词为those指人时，定语从句可以用who/that:

Those who/that want to fly to Taiwan must get up at 6:30 .

4. 几种固定结构的定语从句：

3)Frank’s dream was to have his own factory in which

he could 先行词（way）

+

in which/that/不用连词

先行词（situation）

+

in which/ where

make some boats for poor people . 先行词（reason）

+

why/for which

●Frank’s dream was to have his own factory in which to make 【以上情况连接词作状语时才这么用; 如连接词作主语或者宾语,some boats for poor people . 那么就该用that/which。】

the same…

as…

和什么相同的物

the same… that…

(原人/原物) such … as…

和什么类似

1)This is

the reason why/(for which)

she missed the train yesterday. ◆This is the reason that she gave us yesterday. 2)I don’t like the way (in which)/that

you treat your children.

(状语) 3)I will buy the same recorder as you bought last term. 4)I will buy the same recorder that you bought last term. 5)They will see such films as you saw last Tuesday. 6)Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back. 7)He is such a good boy as we all like . (定语从句) ●He is such a good boy that we all like him. (结果状语从句)

K. 定语从句被省去主语和部分谓语:

1)She had only ＄2 with which she could buy him a present. ●She had only ＄2 with which to buy him a present. 2)I want to find a girl here with whom I can have a talk. ●I want to find a girl here with whom to have a talk.

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