Learning about Language教学设计与反思

Book II

Unit 2 computers Learning about language Discovering useful words and expressions 1 Find the word or expression for each of the following meanings from the text. 1.________complete change in ways of thinking, working, etc. 2. ________ connected computer system 3. ________ to make things easier 4. ________ to find the answer using numbers 5. _______ can be moved easily from

to place 6.________ to work out the answer to a problem 7._______ to travel around an area to find out about it

8. ______ completely 9. _______ anyway 10. _______ activity of managing money 2

Complete the passage with the words below. artificial technology intelligent

Web applications explore reality logically My brother was very interested in computers and enjoyed writing programs of his own. He used to download information from the Internet and made good use of it. He liked to _______ the World Wide _____ and used the Internet to communicate with computer

programmers all over the world. When he went to university he studied IT (information __________) and developed a special interest in ________ intelligence. After developing special __________ of the computer, he hopes to design an _________ robot which can think ________ and look like a human being, but in ______ he has a long way to go. Grammar The Present Perfect Passive Voice Make sentences.

1.A calculating machine has been replaced with the laptop. 2.The buildings have been destroyed in an earthquake. 1. 两种时态

1) 现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词) 现在完成时的动作或情况虽然发生在过去，但它强调的是与现在的关系，用来说明现在的情况。现在完成时不能与表示确定的过去时间的状语连用, 如: yesterday, two weeks ago, in 1978, when I got there 等, 现在完成时常与

already, always, often, ever, never, yet, not...yet, just等不表示明确的时间副词连用, 还可以和表示时间一直延续到目前的带since, for 的状语及包括现在在内的词连用。如: now, today, this month, this year, recently, these few days 等。不能用在现在完成进行时态的动词, 如: be, have, like, love, know, believe, hate等。

一般过去时则是表示过去某时发生的动作或情况, 与现在毫无关系。

2) 现在完成进行时

(have/has + been + 现在分词) 2. 七种被动语态形式

1) 一般现在时的被动语态

(am/is/are+ 过去分词)

如: The work is done during two days. 2) 一般过去时的被动语态

(was/were+ 过去分词) 如: He was sent to the hospital

immediately after the accident. 3) 一般将来时的被动语态

(will/shall + be + 过去分词或

+ be going to + be + 过去分词)如: The work will be finished soon. 4) 现在进行时的被动语态

(is/am/are + being+ 过去分词) 如: The bridge is now being constructed. 5) 现在完成时的被动语态

(have/has +been + 过去分词) 如: The radio has been repaired when we phoned the shop. 6) 带情态动词的被动语态

(情态动词

+ be + 过去分词) 如: This can be done in a few minutes. 7)

动词不定式的被动式

(to be + 过去分词) 如: It is an honor for me to be asked

to speak here.

现在完成时的被动语态

现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响, 其构成是: have/has been + done。如：

1. The dirty clothes have been washed.

脏衣服都已经洗了。

2. The plan has been studied by the

experts for three times.

这项计划已经由专家研究过三次了。

3. The child has been taken care of by Grandma Wang all these years.

这些年来, 这个小孩一直由王奶奶照料。

现在完成时被动态：

have / has + been + 动词过去分词

现在完成进行时：

have / has + been + 动词现在分词

它们的构成的区别在最后的动词上, 被动态接的是过去分词形式, 现在完成进行时接的是现在分词形式。

1. 主语是行为动作的承受者。如：

The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt.

张飞庙已经过重建。

2. 说话时已经完成的动作或出现的结果。如:

The door has been locked.

门已经被锁上了。

3. 动作或状态始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去。如：

He has been told about it for many times.

有人告诉他这事很多次了。

(可能还会有人告诉他) 4. 用在时间和条件状语从句中, 表示将来某时已完成的动作。如：

We’ll start as soon as the work has been finished.

工作一完成我们就立即动身。

注意: 1.副词的位置often, usually, always, never, hardly,seldom等副词置于have/has和been中间。

如: [误] Such a man has been hard believed.

[正] Such a man has hardly been believed. 2. 并不是所有动词都有被动语态

1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。

如：[误] Great changes have been taken

place in China since 1978.

[正] Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 2) open, break, drop等不强调动作发出者时常用主动语态。如：

[误] The door has been opened of itself.

[正] The door has opened of itself. 3. 短语动词不可分割或省略其中的介词或副词。如：

The SARS patients have been taken good care of. 4. 一些特殊动词, 如borrow, finish, begin, buy, start, return, marry, open, join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思, 则需改换动词或时态。如：

My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. How long has this book been bought? How long ago was this book bought? (1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

如: Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。

(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

被动语态的用法:

(1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

如: Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。

(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

(2)

强调动作的承受者, 而不强调动作的执行者。

(3)

如: The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1) 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2) 把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)

(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。

(3) 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾

语, 将主格改为宾格。如：

All the people laughed at him.

He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory.

歌诀是: 宾变主, 主变宾, by短语后面跟。

谓语动词变被动, be后“过分”来使用。

4) 双宾语动词变被动语态可将其中的

一个宾语变为主语, 另一个保留不动。

主动: I have given him the key. 被动: He has been given the key. 被动: The key has been given (to) him. 5) 带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,

只能将宾语变为主语, 原来的宾补保留不动, 改称主语补足语。

主动: I have asked her to help you. 被动: She has been asked to help you. 句型

1. 现在完成时被动语态肯定句

主语+has/ have been +P.P.+...(P.P.=动词的过去分词形式) Her motorbike has been stolen.她的摩托车被盗了。

All the offices have been linked by computer. 所有的售票处由计算机联网工作。

2. 现在完成时被动语态否定句

主语+has/ have +not+ been+ P.P.+...The task has not been finished yet. 任务尚未完成。

Many skilled workers have not been trained in the company. 这家公司并没有培养多少熟练工人。

3. 现在完成时被动语态一般疑问句

Has he(she, it,单数名词)+been+P.P.+...? Has a new computer been bought?买了一台新电脑吗? Have they been sent abroad to study Eng-lish?

他们已经被派往国外学英语了吗? 4. 现在完成时被动语态特殊疑问句疑问词+have (has)+主语+been+ P.P.+...? What has been bought by Tom?汤姆已经买了什么东西? Who have been helped by the new computer? 谁已经得到这种新计算机的帮助? How many buildings have been built in this school?这所学校已经建造了多少座大楼?

Where has the car been repaired? 这辆小汽车已经在哪里修理好了?

高考链接

1. I got caught in the rain and my suit _______. (北京2007)

A. has ruined

B. had ruined

C. has been ruined

D. had been ruined 2. Professor James will give us a

lecture

on the Western culture, but when and where ___ yet. (浙江2007)

A. hasn’t been decided

B. haven’t decided

C. isn’t being decided

D. aren’t decided

3. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _____ in

science and technology. (天津2007) A.

had discovered

B. had been discovered

C. has discovered

D. has been discovered

4. Cathy is taking notes of the

grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____

English for a year. (湖南2007)

A. studies

B. studied

C. is studying

D. has been studying 5. With the help of high technology,

more and more new substances

____ in the past years. (上海2007) A.

discovered

B. have discovered

C. had been discovered

D. have been discovered 6. Betty____ injured since last Saturday.

A. has been

B. was

C. is

D. has 7.---- How long ____ at this job? ---- Since 1990.

A. were you employed

B. have you been employed

C. had you been employed

D. will you be employed 二、改错

1. A personal computer has bought by us. A personal computer has been bought by us. 2. Many problems has been found with our new computer. Many problems have been found with our new computer. 3. A PC has been builded the way we wanted. A PC has been built the way we wanted. 4. Our computer just has been joined to the internet. Our computer has just been joined to the internet.

5. The computer was used every day since we bought it. The computer has been used every day since we bought it. 6. A lot of e-mails had written on the computer in the past 5 years. A lot of e-mails have been written on the computer in the past 5 years. 三．用动词正确形式填空。

1. First as a PC and then as a laptop, I _______________ (use) in offices and

homes since the 1970s.

2. Over time my memory ______________

(develop) so much that, like an elephant,

I never forget anything I

__________________(told). 3. Since the 1970s many new applications

__________________ (find) for me.

4. I have also ___________(put) into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as _________(help) with medical operations.

5. I ____________________(put) into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars.

Enjoy a poem! Look at the way the flowers

_______________________ the grass

_______________________ The paths

__________________(sweep) I hope that you’ll come here again. Look at the way her face __________________. her hair

___________________(comb) her clothes

__________________. She’d better do them again. Homework Try to remember the grammar rules and do exercises 1, 2 and 3 on page 21.