Learning about Language优质公开课教案

定语从句(the Attributive Clause)

一、定语从句的定义和结构

定义：在主从复合句中，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，充当这一名词或代词的定语的从句，叫定语从句。

定语从句可分为限制性定语从句（Restrictive attributive clause）和非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive attributive clause）两种。

先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，叫先行词。

定语从句放在所修饰词，即先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

关系代词：who, that, whom, which, whose 关系副词：when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词的作用：

1．

位于先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用；

2．

指代先行词；

3．

代替先行词在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。

关系代词和关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当的成分确定的。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

一）、关系代词指代人时

A．关系代词在从句中作主语时，可用that，who，关系代词一般不可省略。

The teacher who/that went to see me yesterday is Mr. Smith. The man who/that spoke at the meeting this morning is a famous lawyer. B．关系代词在从句中作宾语时，可用who，that，whom，经常可省略。

The girl (whom/who/that) I talked with just now will go to New York. The boy (whom/who/that) you saw was Mike. ※注意：★关系代词指代人时，用who而不用that的情况：

a．当先行词为one, ones, anyone, all, those时，引导词用who

Anyone who didn’t come must be punished. b．在there be结构中，主语是人，引导词只用who，whom

There is a person who wants to see you. c．句中有两个定语从句，避免重复，引导词用who

The teacher that was praised at yesterday’s meeting who is our English teacher will go to London tomorrow.

d．间隔型定语从句（先行词指人并有较长的后置定语）

He was the only one in the office who was invited to the ball. e．当先行词为人称代词时

He who doesn’t make mistakes makes nothing. ★定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的形式根据句子的先行词来确定，即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数；先行词为复数，从句谓语动词为复数。

定语从句讲义

共6页，第1页

He is one of the students who were late for school this morning.

He is the only one of the students who was late for school this morning. 二）、关系代词指代物时

A．关系代词that，which在定语从句中作主语，关系代词不可省略

They planted the flowers which/that didn’t need much water.

Here is the dictionary which will be lent to you. B．关系代词that，which在定语从句中作宾语，关系代词经常可省略

The pictures (which/that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.

The apple (which/that) you gave him is eaten by me.

※注意：that和which都可用于指代事物，一般可以通用，但以下情况中通常用that：

a．当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，little，much，none，the one，something等不定代词时；

All that can be done has been done.

I will tell you everything that I know about it. b．当先行词被序数词first，second等修饰或为序数词时；

This is the first play that have seen since I came here. c．当先行词被only，very，just，one of，all，no，little，few，any，last等词修饰时；

The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.

This is the just car that I am dreaming of.

The last work that we will do will be very difficult. d．当先行词既有人又有物时；

The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well-sold. e．当先行词为数词时；

He bought two cats yesterday. Now I can see the two that are playing in the garden. f．当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时；

China is not the country that it used to be.

She is not the girl that she was. g．在there be结构中，修饰其主语的定语从句用that；

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank. h．避免重复

He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

Which is the car that hit the boy? ★以下情况中用which而不用that：

a．当关系代词前有介词时；

This is the house of which the windows face south.

The chair on which she is sitting is made of plastics. b．当引导非限制性定语从句时；

His dog, which was very old, became ill. 定语从句讲义

共6页，第2页

Air, which we breathe everyday, is made up of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. c．先行词是that，those时；

What’s that which was bright in the car?

★关系代词which的其他用法：

a．代表主句中谓语的整个概念：

He can write a letter in English, which I cannot. b．代表整个句子的内容：

I said nothing, which made him angry.

三）、关系代词whose引导定语从句，先行词可以是人也可以是物，关系代词在从句中充当定语;

This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.

The house whose windows face south is mine. 注意：

★

whose + n. = of which/whom the + n. = the + n. of which/whom

The house whose windows face south is mine.

= The house of which the windows face south is mine.

★

关系代词whose还可以在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语：

The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital. 四）、关系代词as引导的定语从句

A．用于固定搭配中

the same…as…

as…as…

such…as…

not…as/so…as…

Such book as this is too difficult to beginners.

They are studying the same subject as we are.

※注意：

★

the same… that… (当先行词被the same修饰时可用that) 表示同一事物或人

the same… as…

表示相似的东西

This is the same knife that I lost.

This is the same knife as I lost.

★

such… as…

（定语从句）像…那样…

such… that…

（状语从句）如此…以致…

This is such an easy question as I can answer. This is such an easy question that I can answer it. B. as引导非限制性定语从句，无固定先行词代替，通常译为“正如…那样…”

as is well-known/as is known to all

as was expected

as was reported 定语从句讲义

共6页，第3页

as you/everybody can see

as is mentioned above

as has been said

As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. 三、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词：why，where，when引导定语从句也可用介词+which代替，关系副词在从句中充当状语。

一）、why引导定语从句在从句中充当原因状语= for which，先行词只用the reason；

I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come.

That is the reason why/for which he was late for school today. 二）、关系副词where引导定语从句，先行词为表示地点的词（house，room，place，etc），where在从句中充当地点状语，where=介词+ which

What is the name of the town where/in which we stayed last night.

Think of a place where/to which we can go for dinner.

★

注意区分表示地点的先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分！

This is the school where/in which we study every year.（school作为地点状语）

This is the school that/which we visited yesterday. （school作为visited的宾语）

★

where有时用于from where等介词短语+从句之中。

His head soon appeared out of the window from where(from which) he could see nothing but trees. 三）、关系副词when引导定语从句，先行词为表示时间的名称（time，year，day，week，etc）在从句中充当时间状语，when=介词+which

Tell me the time when/at which the train leaves.

July, when/in which we can go home for a rest, is coming soon. ※注意区分表示时间的先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分！

I’ll never forget the time when/during which we worked on the farm.（time在从句中作为状语）

I still remember the time that/which is his birthday. （time在从句中作为主语）

四、限制性定语从句( Restrictive Attributive Clause) 和非限制性定语从句( Non-restrictive Attributive Clause) 一）、限制性定语从句不能用逗号与主句分开，它限制所修饰的先行词的意义；缺少从句的话，句子的意义不完整或失去意义，主从句关系十分密切。

引导限制性定语从句的引导词为关系代词：who，that，which，whom，whose，as和关系副词：when，where, why。

He is the man who came to see you yesterday. 二）、非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作附加说明，主从句关系不十分密切，如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚，从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。

非限制性定语从句的作用：对先行词的附加说明；

先行词：名称、代词、整个句子或句子中的一个部分；（限制性定语从句的先行词为定语从句讲义

共6页，第4页

名词或代词）

Mike sold the house, which made his father angry.

引导词：that不用于引导非限制性定语从句，引导词不可省略！

※注意：

★

非限制性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句。

My brother who lives in New York has six children. （可能还有其他兄弟）

我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。

My brother, who lives in New York, has six children. （只有这一个兄弟）

我的兄弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。

★

在介词+ which/whom的结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面。

五、关系代词前带介词的定语从句

一）、关系代词which、whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+which/whom”引导。

Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.

The film of which I’m speaking is to be shown at the cinema next week.

This is the teacher from whom we’ve learnt a lot.

The policeman with whom Mr. Johnson is talking in the office is a friend of mine.

★

注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词放于关系代词之前。

This is the pen (which/that) I’m looking for.

This is the problem (which/that) you should pay attention to. 二）、定语从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾，这时关系代词的选择可以根据先行词决定，也可省略。

The man (whom/who) we sent the present to is a doctor of law.

三）、定语从句也可以由“名称+介词+which/whom”引导

The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.

We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in the past two years. The old woman has two sons, one of whom is a teacher. ▲介词+which/whom引导的定语从句时，选用介词的依据：

1、介词由定语从句中的谓语动词和介词的搭配关系来确定；

The house in which we live is not large.

This is the man from whom I learned the news. 2、根据介词与先行词的搭配关系来确定；

We will visit the farm on which my father works.

Can you find a proper situation in which the expression can be used? 3、介词可根据句子表达的全部意义来确定；

Water is very important for us because without which we can’t live. 六、使用定语从句时应注意的几个问题

定语从句讲义

共6页，第5页

1、当先行词是way，表示方式方法时，引导词可用that，in which，也可省略；

This is the way (in which/that) I study English. 2、注意区别先行词、引导词；

Is this +名词

the one that从句

Is this the 名词

+ that从句

Is this school the one that we visited? （先行词为the one）

Is this the school that we visited？

（先行词为the school）

3、注意区别定语从句和强调句

强调句型：It is/was + 被强调部分

+ that/who +其他剩余成分

在定语从句中，引导词充当一定的句子成分，而在强调句型中，that或who不充当任何成分。

判断一个句子是强调句型还是定语从句，可以把it is和that或who部分去掉，去掉后句子如果仍然是个完整的句子，则是强调句型，否则为定语从句。

It was at three o’clock that I came to school. 把it was 和that去掉后，句子为：

I came to school at three o’clock.

这仍然是一个完整的句子，所以这是强调句。

4、定语从句的主谓一致

关系代词在从句中作为主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是个句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.

I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.

“one of + 复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the (only), the (very) 等修饰时，从句的谓语动词用单数。

He is one of the students who have made great progress.

他是取得很大进步的学生之一。

Mr. Smith is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with me.

Smith先生是唯一被邀请来和我一起进餐的朋友。

定语从句讲义

共6页，第6页