Using LanguageⅠ课堂实录【3】

Unit1 Cultural relics Using Language---Grammar points in this text 

Teaching Aims: 1.

To review some useful words and expressions through some exercises. 2. To learn some useful structures—Restrictive Attributive Clause ⑴. How to tell the Attributive Clause with that/which/who/where/when from other clauses. ⑵. Learn the differences between the Restrictive and Non—Restrictive Attributive Clause 

Teaching Design

Step one: Raise students’ interests on the structure by letting students observe themselves. Discovering useful structures

Let the students try to find out the Attributive clause in warming up and the reading part. 1. A cultural relic is something that has survived for a long time. 2. It is your job to look into any reports of cultural relics that have been found in China.

3. You are sent to a small town where you find a relic that was stolen from a palace. Step two: Clarify grammar point (the Attributive clause) Explain some of them, look at the sentences carefully. Get the students to tell the differences from the others. While the other sentences have the Restrictive Attributive Clauses. 

Teaching procedures

一．

定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

什么是限制性定语从句？

•Anyone should be punished.

Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。

什么是非限制性定语从句？

就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。译成汉语时，主句和从句可以分别翻译，互不影响。最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。

•She is good at speaking French, which she lea rned at school.

限制性定语从句的连接词可以用who, whom或whose, which。不用that，也不能省略。

•She had eight children, three of whom became soldiers.

•My sister, who is a nurse, got married last month.

•China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.

非限制性定语从句还可以用when或where引导。

•She is going to Shanghai, where she was born.

•We will go hom e next week, when we won’t be so busy.a

•除了前面提到的那些连接词以外，在下面两种情况下还可以用as作为定语从句的连接词。

1. 当先行词在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候，同时先行词又被same、so或者such修饰的时候。

非限制性定语从句除了可以修饰词以外, 还可以修饰前面整个句子。

•They invited me to their party, which is very kind of them.

•Let’s discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us.

•I feel just the same as you do.

2. 在非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。

•As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

•Smoking is harmful to one’s health, which is known to all.

二．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：

所谓限制性定语从句，是指定语从句部分对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where, why等，没有逗号把从句与先行词分开。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?

你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？

Where is the book which I bought this morning?

我今天上午买的书在哪儿呢？

此外，还有一类非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that引导。

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。

English is an important subject, which every student should study well. 英语是一门重要的科目，每个学生都应该学好。

This is our headmaster, who I think has something to tell you. 这是我们校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。(校长只有一位) 限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用

非限定性：对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗号隔开. 1. 从形式上看

限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗号隔开。

Mr. Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends. 昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句) This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years.

这就是那位有30年教龄的老师，你想见的那个人。(限制性定语从句)

2.从意义上讲

限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整；

Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year. 她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。) Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year.

她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词her sister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。) The old man has a son, who is in the army.

那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

（非限定性定语从句是对son进行补充、说明。“这位老人只有一个儿子”）

The old man has a son who is in the army.

“那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。”限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。（“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。

总结1：引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why；引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where。当先行词指时间并且在定语从句中充当状语时用when；指地点并且在定语从句中充当状

语时用where。

He will have to wait until next month, when everything has been ready. 他不得不等到下个月，那时一切都准备好了。

Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday?你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？

He was hurt in the accident yesterday, for which he stayed in the hospital for several hours. 他昨天在事故中受伤，为此他在医院中待了好几个小时。

Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. 卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里

总结2：在限制性定语从句中：whom作宾语时可用who替代；在非限制性定语从句：whom作宾语时不能用who代替。

This is the boy whom/who I met at the theatre.

这是我在剧院遇到的那个男孩。

The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to marry.这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。

总结3：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略（介词后不可）；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词不可省略. I passed him a large glas s of whisky, which he drank immediately. 我递给他一大杯威士忌，他立即喝下了。（which在从句中作宾语，不能省略）

He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything (that) he saw on the way to the Paris. 他给我写了一封信，告诉我去巴黎的途中看到的每一件事。（that在从句中作宾语，可以省略。）



Homework Exercises of Attributive Clause