Using LanguageⅡ优秀教学设计

Unit 4 Exploring plants 语法篇

Teaching goals:

1. 掌握宾语定义并能区分直接宾语与间接宾语；

2. 复习掌握常考接双宾语的动词并熟练运用；

3. 复习掌握非谓语动词作宾语的规律；

一. 宾语的定义及构成

宾语是及物动词后的一个成分，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、-ing形式、复合结构和从句。

二. 非谓语动词作宾语

1. 通常只能接动词-ing

形式作宾语的动词(或动词短语)：

建议抵制享受——(suggest，

advise；

resist；

enjoy)

考虑承认冒险——(consider；

admit；

risk) 避免推迟实践——(avoid；

delay；

practice)

期待成功完成——(look forward to；

succeed in；

finish) 2. 通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：

agree (同意)；

offer (提出)；

intend，

plan (打算，计划)；

demand，

ask (要求)；

promise (答应)；

help (帮忙)；

prepare (准备)；

decide (决定)；

refuse (拒绝)；

dare (敢于)；

choose (选择)；

wish，hope，want，

expect (希望，想要)；

fail （不能；忘记）；

pretend (假装)；

manage (设法)；

determine （决心）

同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。

准备决定遭拒绝，敢于选择有希望。

不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。

3. 既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing 形式，除begin ，continue ，like ，dislike，

love，

prefer ，start 基本没有区别也有意思不同的动词或词组：

即“四‘记’”“力争”“不后悔”。四“记”指“记得、记住（remember）”；“忘记（forget）”“计划、打算（mean）”；“继续（go on)”；力争指“try”；“不”“后悔”指stop与regret。

三. 宾语从句

在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。

在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I know the man. 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I know that the man is a policeman.

主句

引导词

从句

1. 宾语从句三大块:

1). 宾语从句的引导词

由that，if，whether和连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导. 2). 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序

3). 宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应

2. 特殊情况：

1). 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，仍用现在时。

Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.

He told the boy that three and three is six.

Could you tell me where the bookshop is. 2). 从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时。

The teacher told me she was born in 1960. 四. 直接引语变间接引语（容易忽视的变化）

1. 变人称：

1) “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。

2) “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。

3) “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化。

2. 变时态：如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：

1）

一般现在时变为一般过去时

2）

现在进行时变为过去进行时

3）

一般将来时变为过去将来时

4）

现在完成时变为过去完成时

5）

一般过去时变为过去完成时

6）

过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时

但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。

①

直接引语是客观真理。

"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. →

The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。

②

直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。

Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→

Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。

③

直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。

Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →

Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。

④

直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。

He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →

He said he gets up at six every morning。

⑤

如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to，

had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。

Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →

Peter said I had better go there that day。

3. 代词等一般地应作相应的变化。

1) 指示代词

this ---that

these--- those

2) 表示时间的词

now --- then

today--- that day

this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc) yesterday ----the day before

last week(month) --- the week(month) before three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before

tomorrow ----the next (following ) day

next week(month)--the next(following)week(month) 3) 表地点的词

here --there

4) 动词

bring -- take

come –go 五. 双宾语动词

1. 通常为

“间接宾语

+ 直接宾语”

He doesn't own me anything. She asked me whether I had been there before. I warned you he would be late. Give me it. / Give it to me. They told us where to shop cheaply. 2. 间接宾语后移, 间接宾语用to或for引出: They give it to John. He sold his old car to one of his neighbors. I have bought some chocolate for you. Give the dictionary to me, please. **用to侧重指动作的方向, 表示朝着, 向着, 对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者, 表示为了某人, 替某人。

3. 常跟双宾语的动词分类总结：

1) 需借助to的: bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, return, send, show, teach, tell, ask, leave, mail, throw, take, write等。

2) 需借助for的: build, buy, call, change, cook, choose, do, draw, envy, fetch, find, forgive, gain, get, make, order,

play (演奏), sing, save, spare, win等。

基础演练

一. 请翻译下列句子，并用心体会动词不定式和动词-ing 形式的不同含义。

1. The doctor tried to cure the woman of her illness, so he tried treating her with a new medicine.

2. The teacher asked us to go on reading the text instead of going on to do the exercises.

3. What a poor memory! I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him again.

4. When the teacher said angrily, “Stop talking, children”, the pupils stopped to write their compositions.

5. I regretted to tell him that he had been dismissed. To my surprise, he said to me, “I am not sad, I only regret having taken the wrong job.”

6. — Remember to return the bat to me. — But I remember having returned it to you. 二. 把下列直接引语变为间接引语

1. He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”

→

2. She said: “He will be busy.”

→

3. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”

→

4. She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”

→

5. The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”

→

6. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”

→

7. The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”

→

8. The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”

→

9. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”

→

10. The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”

→

11. He said, “We are still students.’

→

12. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”

→

13. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”

→

14. He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”

→

15. She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.

→

16. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”

→

17. He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.

→

18. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”

→

19. I said to him, “I have finished it.”

→

20. She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”

→

21. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.

→

22. “I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.

→

23. “Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.

→

24. “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.

→

25. “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.

→

巩固提高

1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school. A. bring

B. brought

C. bring

D. to bring 2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass. A. not play

B. not to play

C. played

D. playing 3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school? A. Do you know how

B. Why do you know

C. How you know why

D. Do you know why 4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before? A. what it is

B. it is what

C. how it is

D. it is how 5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off. A. not to come

B. not to go

C. to not come

D. to not go 6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth. A. weather the moon goes

B. that the moon went C. whether the moon goes

D. whether the moon went

7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport. A. asked; take

B. asked; taking

C. told; take

D. told; to take 8. She asked him ____. A. whose dictionary this is

B. whose dictionary that was C. whose dictionary is this

D. whose dictionary that is 9. Mary’s mother asked her _____. A. that whether she had finished her homework

B. if she has finished her homework C. if she had finished her homework

D. that if she had finished her homework 10. Do you know ____? A. what is he doing B. what he doing

C. what he is doing D. what does he do now 11. I don’t know ____ to learn English. A. when did he begin

B. when he began

C. he when began

D. when he begins 12. He asked me ____. A. how would the weather be like tomorrow

B. what the weather would be like the next day C. how the weather would be like tomorrow

D. what would the weather be like the next day 13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents. A. how excited they were

B. how excited were they

C. how they were excited

D. they were how excited 14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop. A. had been seen off

B. have seen off

C. have been seen off

D. had seen off 15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia? A. had you been

B. did you go

C. have you been

D. you have been 16. Can you guess ____? A. what is that man

B. who that man is

C. whom that man is D. who is that man 17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____. A. how important the foreign language are

B. how the foreign language is important C. how important the foreign language is

D. how important is the foreign language 18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper. A. was; had

B. was; had had

C. is; have

D. is; have had 19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____. A. if; or not

B. if; not

C. whether; or not

D. whether; not 20. I wonder how much _____. A. does he spend on his car

B. did he spend on his car

C. he spent on his car

D. he spent in his car