Using LanguageⅡ教学实录及点评

教案

Unit 3 A taste of English humour单元语言点

目标认知

重点词汇

astonish, entertain, content，convince，burst，manage，offer，match，treat，request 重点短语

break into，worse off，go by，worn-out，in search of，cut off ，make up，add up，pick up，

keep to，think of，bring out 重点句型

as引导非限制性定语从句

so...that 引导结果状语从句

状语从句的省略

名词短语引导的时间状语从句

as if引导的从句

知识讲解

重点词汇

astonish

重点例句：

You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. astonish (vt.)

surprise (sb.) greatly astonish sb. with/by sth. 用某事使某人惊讶

be astonished at/by sth. 对某事感到惊讶

be astonished to do sth. 惊讶地做某事

astonish (vt.)

surprise (sb.) greatly

astonished (adj.) 感到吃惊的

astonishing (adj.) 令人吃惊的

astonishment

(n.) 惊讶

to one’s astonishment 使某人惊讶的是

in astonishment吃惊地

entertain

重点例句：

No one was ever bored watching him—his subtle acting made everything entertaining. observe and think

1

He entertained friends at dinner. 他招待朋友们吃饭。

We were all entertained by his tricks. 我们都对他的戏法感兴趣。

summarize

entertain

____________________

entertaining

(adj.)令人愉快的；有趣的

entertainment (n.)娱乐活动

entertain sb.(to sth.)宴客；招待，款待某人(尤指在自己家中) entertain sb.(with sth.)(用……)使某人快乐

Practice: (1)他给我们讲故事、说笑话,让我们高兴了好几个小时。

He _______________ for hours _______ his stories and jokes. (2)昨晚鲍勃和利兹设宴招待了我们。

Bob and Liz ________________________ last night.

content 【原句回放】He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed，so they could feel more content with their lives．在人们感到沮丧的时候，查理使他们开怀大笑，于是人们对自己的生活感到更加满足。(P18)

【点拨】

content adj.

满意的，满足的

vt.

使……满意

n.

内容，所容纳之物

She was content to step down after four years as chief executive．她在担任了四年主管之后甘愿让位。

He contented himself with a piece of cake．

他吃了一块蛋糕就非常满足了。

the contents of my desk drawer我书桌抽屉里的东西

归纳拓展

be content with对……满意(足)

be content to do sth.

愿意做某事

be content that...

满意……

content oneself/sb. with sth.

满足于某事

with content 满足(意)地

to one’s heart’s content尽情地；心满意足地

content and form内容和形式

protein content蛋白质含量

a high sugar content 含糖量高/高糖

full content完全满意

perfect content十分满意

convince

【原句回放】The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted! 查理的

2

表演是那么有说服力，以至于你会相信这顿饭是他所吃过的最美味的一餐!(P18)

【点拨】

convince vt.

使相信；信服；说服

He convinced me that I should study law．他劝我应该学法律。

How can I convince you of her honesty?

我怎样才能使你相信她很诚实呢?

温馨提示：

convince为及物动词，它的宾语是sb.或oneself，因此我们经常运用sb.

be convinced of sth.

或sb.

be convinced that...的结构，而不可以运用sb. convince that...的形式。

归纳拓展

convince sb. of sth.

/that-clause使(某人)信服，使(某人)明白

convince sb. to do sth.

说服某人做某事

be convinced／sure of sth.

/ that-clause确信；坚信

convinced adj.

坚信不疑的，有坚定信仰的

convincing adj.

令人信服的

convincible adj.

可被说服的，可晓之以理的

易混辨析

convince，persuade与advise的区别

①convince指理智上的“辩论，证明”。

It took many hours to convince the court of his guilt．

花费了许多个小时法庭才相信他有罪。

②persuade指情感上的“敦促，劝告”。

He persuaded me that it was not worth buying．

他说服我，那东西不值得买。

③advise只表达劝的动作，不表达结果，常有“劝而不服”的意思。

I advised (tried to persuade) him to start early but he didn’t listen．我劝他早点动身，可他不听。

burst 【原句回放】Children particularly would burst into laughter at his behaviour．特别是孩子们，看到他的表现就会开怀大笑。

【点拨】

burst v.

爆炸；胀裂；(突然)闯入；充满

n.

突发；破裂；爆发

The little girl burst into tears when seeing her mother．

小女孩一看到她妈妈就大哭起来。

I was bursting to tell you the good news．

我迫不及待地要把这个好消息告诉你。

归纳拓展

burst out doing sth. =burst into + n.

突然……起来

burst out 突然进发；爆发

burst into/in 闯入，闯进，破门而入

be bursting to do sth.

急于(或迫切想)做某事

burst with anger/grief/joy 勃然大怒／悲痛欲绝／乐不可支

manage

【原句回放】He always managed to...他总是设法……(P20)

3

【点拨】

manage vt. & vi.

“设法做好，想办法达到”，多与情态动词can，could连用；跟不定式，意思是“设法做成某事”；作“经营，管理”解；作“操作，使用，对付”解，相当于operate。

The package is too heavy but fortunately I can manage it．

这个包裹太重了，不过幸好我能对付。

The question is too difficult；I can’t manage it myself．

这个问题太难了，我回答不了。

I managed to persuade him to give up smoking at last．

最后我终于设法劝他戒了烟。

The boy managed to escape from the enemy’s prison and got to his own village．

那个男孩子设法从敌人的监狱中逃出，到了他自己的村子。

Mr. Brown managed a steel works in that area．

布朗先生在那一地区经营一家钢厂。

On holidays he would help his father manage the business．

在假期，他会帮助他父亲管理生意。

Only experienced workers can manage this machine．

只有有经验的工人才可以操作这台机器。

It’s so terrible．I can’t manage the situation．

太可怕了，我受不了这阵势。

归纳拓展：

manage with在有……的情况下能对付得过去

manage without在没有……的情况下能勉强对付得过去

I can’t manage without your help．没有你的帮助我是不行的。

We could hardly manage without eating and resting for such a long time．在这么长时间没有吃饭没有休息的情况下，我们几乎受不了了。

易混辨析

try to do，try doing与manage to do的区别

①try to do的意思是“做一番努力，试图做某件困难的事”。

I once tried to learn Japanese．我曾试着学习日语。(表示一种企图但没学会)

I have tried to make friends with him，but he seems not to care．

我一直想与他交朋友，但他似乎不愿意。(不定式所表示的事情是我一段时间以来努力做的事情)

②try doing表示试着做某件事，看看会发生什么情况。

I’ll try doing it in a new way．我想用一种新方法试着做做看。(表示“尝试”一下)

If no one answers the front door，try knocking at the back door or windows．

如果前门没人开，试着敲敲后门或后窗。(试试屋内有没有人反应)

③manage to do指设法完成困难的事情，强调产生结果；而try to do sth.

仅指设法去做，结果不一定成功。

Finally they managed to finish the work ahead of time．

最后他们设法提前完成了工作。

offer 【原句回放】...the waiter offered him the same dish again...……服务员又给他端来了同样的菜……(P20)

【点拨】offer v.

(向某人)提出某事物供考虑接受或拒绝；提供

n.

出价；报盘；提供

She offered a reward for the return of her lost bracelet．

为了寻回遗失的手镯她提出以酬金答谢。

4

I’ve been offered a job in Japan．

日本有份工作要聘请我去做。

I offered him thirty thousand dollars for the house．

这所房子我向他索价三万美元。

温馨提示

offer后接价钱，表示主语愿买；后接事物，表示主语愿出售该事物。

归纳拓展

be open to an offer欢迎开价

make an offer(of)提议；出价；提供

on offer削价出售

under offer(指待售房屋)已有人出价要买

They made an offer which I wouldn’t refuse．

他们出了一个我十分满意的价。

Baked beans are on offer this week at the local supermarket．

当地超级市场本周烘豆罐头大减价。

match 【原句回放】Can you match the joke with the explanation? 你能把笑话与解释匹配起来吗?(P22)

【点拨】

match v.

匹配；与(某人)相匹敌；与(某物)相配(尤指颜色)；与……相符合/一致n.

在技巧、力量等方面与某人相匹敌者；对手；相配的人(或物)．

That girl has the beauty that could never be matched．

那个女孩拥有无人能比的美丽。

The coat matches the dress．外衣和裙子很相配。

You should match your deeds to your beliefs．

你应该使你的行动与你的信念保持一致。

He is John’s match for bravery．他与约翰勇气相当。

归纳拓展

be no match for比不上，不是……的对手

best match最佳匹配；最佳配合

find/meet one’s match遇到对手；棋逢对手

He is no match for her in tennis．

在网球上他不是她的对手。

They are best matches at work．

他们在工作上是最佳搭档。

He thought he could beat anyone at tennis，but he’s met his match in her．

他认为他打网球所向无敌，但遇到她却是旗鼓相当。

treat 【原句回放】The second person treats it as a question about shape．第二个人认为问的是形状。(P22)

【点拨】treat v.

把……看作/视为；对待；处理；治疗

n.

款待；招待；请客

Waste water from factories should be treated before flowing into rivers．工厂里的废水在流入河里之前应该经过处理。

The farmers treated dry land by irrigating it with the water from wells．农民们通过用井水灌溉来治理旱地。

On our arrival，we were warmly welcomed and at noon we were given a wonderful treat．我们一到那里就受到热情的欢迎，中午我们得到了盛情的款待。

5

归纳拓展

treatable adj.

可治疗的

treatment n.

治疗；对待；处理

treat of论述，论及

treat oneself to舍得花钱享受某物

treat to款待，招待

treat...as...(也可以写作treat...like)把……当作……对待

Don’t treat me like a child．别把我当小孩看待。

Don’t take it seriously．You’d better treat it as a joke．

别那么认真对待那件事，你最好把它当作一个玩笑。

request

【原句回放】The second person treats it as a request for information and gives an answer to the question．第二个人认为是请求询问信息，于是就这个问题给出了答案。(P22)

【点拨】

request vt. & n.

请求；恳求；要求

You are sincerely requested to be present at the party．

敬请您光临晚会。

归纳拓展

request sb. to do sth.

请求某人做某事

request sth. from/of sb.

向某人要求某物

request that sb.

(should) do sth.

要求某人做某事

make a request发出请求

at the request of sb.

＝at sb’s request依照某人的请求

易混辨析

demand；request与require的区别

①request表示“有礼貌的请求；正式的请求”。

Do you require anything else? 你还要求(需要)别的吗?

They required me to keep silent．他们要求我保持沉默。

Many people requested another song．

许多人要求再听一首歌。

The letter requested US to leave the house within six weeks．

这封信要求我们在六周内搬出这所房子。

②demand表示有正当权利的要求，因此含有“坚决或强烈要求”的意思。

They are demanding higher wages．他们要求涨工资。

③require表示“要求所必需的东西；法律、协议、规章以及其他客观情况的要求”。

All passengers are required to show their tickets．

所有乘客都必须出示车票。

④require和request都可以接“宾语+to do sth.”结构，而demand没有此种用法。

⑤“require+动名词”时，主动形式的动名词具有被动意义，而demand，request无此用法。

温馨提示

它们的共同点是：从语法上看，demand，require和request都可以接that引导的宾语从句，并且在从句中要使用虚拟语气。

6

重点短语

break into 【原句回放】POLICEMAN：Why did you have to break into the same shop three times? 警察：你为什么非要三次闯

入同一家商店?(P17)

【点拨】break into闯入，强行进入；打断，打扰；突然做出，突然(说、唱、笑、哭等)起来；把……分成

We had to break into the house as we had lost the key．

我们丢了钥匙，不得不破门而入。

This box looks as if it’s been broken into．

这个箱子看上去好像被撬开过。

My aunt’s regular visits break into my weekend．

我姑妈的不断来访打扰我度周末。

He became so pensive that she didn’t like to break into his thoughts．他陷入沉思之中，她不想打断他的思路。

When I told them my story the girls broke into tears．

当我给女孩们讲了我的身世后，她们都哭了起来。

The visitors broke into exclamations of wonder when they saw the magnificent Great Wall．看到雄伟的长城，游客们惊叹不已。

Mary broke the chocolate into pieces，one for each person．

玛丽将巧克力分成小块，一人一块。

归纳拓展

break away突然离开；与……决裂break down损坏，发生故障break in插嘴；闯入break off断开，折断；中断；停止

break out 爆发break through突破，突围；战胜，克服break up结束；散开，解散；变得虚弱，垮掉

worse off 【原句回放】Unfortunately his father died，leaving the family even worse off，so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother．不幸的是，他的父亲去世了，使得他的家庭更加艰难，所以查理在童年时期就要照顾生病的母亲和弟弟。(P18)

【点拨】worse off(badly off的比较级)更穷的，更拮据的，更不幸的，境况更差；更缺少的(后跟介词for)

You must be badly off if you can’t even afford an evening at the cinema．如果你连晚上看电影的钱也出不起，那你一定很穷。

Mr. Brown has had both legs broken by the fall of a tree and he is badly off．树倒了，把布朗先生的双腿压断了，他真不幸。

The school was then badly off for teachers．

当时学校缺老师。

归纳拓展

well off富裕的

better off更富有的

I went to her home and found her living condition was quite well off．我去她家，发现她的生活状况很不错。

In fact most people are better off than they were five years ago．

实际上，现在大多数人都比5年前富裕。

go by

【原句回放】As time went by, he began making films．随着时间的推移，他开始拍电影。(P18)

【点拨】go by流逝；遵照，依照；凭……判断

Don’t go by what she says．别听她的。

7

You can’t go by what the children say．

你不能照孩子们说的去做。

to go by appearances凭外表判断

Going by what he wears，he must have come from the south．

从他的穿着打扮来看，他准是从南方来的。

归纳拓展

由go构成的词组：

go about继续做某事；着手做某事

go down下降；下沉；坠落；降价

go in for参加(考试等)；从事(职业、工作等)

go off爆炸；质量变坏；(电力)中断

go on继续

go out出国；不流行；(灯)熄灭

go over复习，重温；仔细检查

go through经历；遭受

go at冲向；袭击

go up涨价；上涨

go far成功；成名

worn-out

【原句回放】The tramp，a poor，homeless man with a moustache，wore large trousers，worn-out shoes and a small round black hat．这个穷苦的无家可归的小流浪汉，留着小胡子，穿着大裤子、破鞋子，头顶着黑色的小圆帽。(P18)

【点拨】

(1)worn-out adj.

穿旧的，不能再穿(用)的；筋疲力尽的

He often wears a worn out coat．

他常穿一件破大衣。

After a day’s hard work，the doctor felt quite worn-out．

忙碌一天后，医生感到疲惫不堪。

(2)a small round black hat一顶黑色的小圆帽

名词前有若干定语(包括冠词、代词类限定词、数词、形容词等)时的排列顺序问题：英语中名词前使用多个定语时，排列顺序依据的是它们与该名词关系的密切程度，关系越密切离名词越近。这与汉语中的定语排序不尽相同，使用时要多加注意。下面的排序规律可供参考：

限定词(these，those)+数量形容词(three)+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(1arge，long，high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+国籍(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰名词(desks)

为了方便记忆，不妨试试如下口诀：

限定描述大长高，形状年龄与新老；

颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。

the nice small French sports car

那辆漂亮的“法国”小跑车

these three lovely round wooden stools

这三个可爱的圆木凳

her first expensive hand—made diamond necklace

她的第一串价值不菲的手工钻石项链

in search of

【原句回放】Like so many others，the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold，but without success．像

8

其他很多人一样，小流浪汉和他的朋友也涌向那里去淘金。但却没有成功。(P18)

【点拨】

in search of“寻找”，此处search是名词，整个词组是介词短语，在句中作状语。

The child came here in search of something to eat．

这个小孩来这儿找点吃的东西。

The Curies worked very hard in search of the unknown radiation．

居里夫妇非常努力地工作以寻找那种未知的放射物。

温馨提示

如果search前面有定冠词或物主代词修饰，可以用in...search for短语。

So he ran in his search for the missing girl．

于是他跑去寻找那个失踪的女孩。

归纳拓展

in one’s/a/the search for=in search of

make a search of搜查

search for sb. / sth.

寻找某人或某物

search sb.

/ sth. out找出某人/某物

search sb.

/ sth.

(for sb.

/sth.)

搜查某人/某物(以搜寻某人某物)

The police searched the house for the stolen jewelry．

警察搜查那栋房屋，寻找被偷的宝石。

I looked everywhere in search of my lost pen．

我四处寻找我丢失的钢笔。

They searched the guard at the gate．

他们在门口搜查了那个士兵。

cut off

【原句回放】Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak．然后他把皮鞋上端的皮子切下来，就像是切下一块最好的牛排。(P18)

【点拨】

cut off切掉；停止；切断，打断；使……与外界隔绝；砍掉

Be careful not to cut your fingers off．

当心别把你的手指切断了。

Cut the chicken’s head off．把鸡头切掉。

He cut off some branches from the tree．

他从树上砍下几根树枝。

The electricity/gas(supply) was cut off for the time being because of repairs．

由于检修，暂时切断电源/煤气供应。

The old man completely cuts himself off from the world．

那位老人完全过着与世隔绝的生活。

归纳拓展

cut down砍倒；削减，降低

cut in插嘴

cut across取捷径；走近路

cut up切碎；使伤心

Don’t cut in while I’m talking．我说话时别插嘴。

Jane was really cut up when her husband left her．

在简的丈夫抛弃她之后，她痛苦极了。

9

make up

【原句回放】In pairs make up a dialogue of your own and act it．以小组形式，自己编写对话，然后表演出来。(P19)

【点拨】

make up组成，构成(其被动结构为be made up of，意思是“由……组成，南……构成”)；虚构，编造

These three stories make up the whole book．(或The whole book is made up of these three stories．)这三篇故事构成了这本书。(全书是由这三篇故事组成的。)

Thousands of parts make up the machine．(或The machine is made up of thousands of parts．)成千上万个零件组成了这台机器。(这台机器是由成千上万个零件组成的。)

The story which Tom told was not true．He made it all up．

汤姆讲的那个故事不是真的，全是他胡编出来的。

The teacher asked the children to make up a poem about Christmas．老师叫孩子们写一首关于圣诞节的诗。

易混辨析

be made up of，be made of，be made from，be made into与make up的区别

①be made up of的意思是“由……构成”，强调事物的结构或团体的成分。

All bodies are made up of atoms．一切物质都是由原子构成。

Our group is made up of seven boys and three girls．

我们组由7名男生和3名女生组成。

②be made of的意思是“由……制成”，指事物在制造过程中只发生了物理变化，而没有发生化学变化。

Ice is made of water，but colder than water．

冰，水为之，而寒于水。

Our desks and chairs are made of wood．

我们的桌椅都是木头做的。

③be made from的意思是“由……制成”，指事物在制造过程中发生了化学变化。

Paper can be made from grass．纸可以由草制成。

④be made into的意思是“由……制成……”，指由原材料制成成品。

Grapes can be made into Brandy．葡萄可以制成白兰地酒。

⑤make up的意思是“构成”，既可指某一物质所占比例，也可以指某几种物质构成另一种物质。

Girls make up one third of the total number of our class．

女生占了我们班人数的三分之一。

Eleven medical elements make up the medicine．

11种药物成分构成了这种药。

add up

【原句回放】Add up the points and see who has won．把得分加起来，看谁赢了。(P20)

【点拨】

add up把……加起来，积少成多；合乎情理，有道理

Every time I add up these figures．I get a different answer．

每次我把这些数字加起来时，结果都不一样。

He has been arrested for murder，but the evidence just didn’t add up．他因谋杀罪被捕，但那些证据并不合情理。

归纳拓展

add to增加

add...to...把……加到……

add up to总计，共达；相当于某事物

The bad weather added to our difficulties．

10

坏天气增加了我们的困难。

Please add my name to the list．请在名单上加上我的名字。

An increasing fear of crime has added up to a boom in the security business．

对犯罪日益增加的恐惧促进了保安行业的兴盛。

pick up

【原句回放】I picked up my clothes and hung them up．我捡起了我的衣服并把它们挂了起来。(P20)

【点拨】

pick up拾起，拿起；(用车辆)去接(某人)；(在中途)搭载；(从收音机里)收到，接收；(跌倒后)站起来；偶然找到，偶然学会或获得；恢复(健康)

The boy picked up all his toys and put them into a box．

那男孩把他所有的玩具都捡起来，放进了一个盒子里。

We’ll send someone to pick him up．

我们将派人用车去接他。

Can you pick up London on the radio?

你的收音机能收听到伦敦的电台吗?

I slipped and fell, but I quickly picked myself up．

我滑倒了，但很快就爬了起来。

In his fifties，he picked up another language．

他在五十几岁时学会了另一门语言。

keep to

【原句回放】It was an interesting experience as it was clear that he did not keep to a strict budget．那是一次很有意思的经历，因为他显然不是严格按照预算来做事。(P21)

【点拨】keep to不偏离道路等；不跑题；遵守，信守；坚守，不离开

We kept to the roads which we had come along．

我们不离开我们来时走的路。

She is over ninety and has to keep to the house．

她已年过九十，只能足不出户。

Things will only work out if we all keep to the plan．

只有大家都执行计划，事情才能取得成功。

think of 【原句回放】Watson，when you look at that beautiful sky，what do you think of? 沃森，当你望着美丽的天空时，你想到了什么呢?(P22)

【点拨】

think of考虑，思考，想出，想起；作“评价”解，可以用well，much，little，highly等修饰。think well (highly)

of的意思是“对……评价很高；高度赞扬”。

We are thinking of going to France．我们考虑到法国去。

I can’t think of his name at the moment．

我一时想不起他的名字。

Can you think of any explanation for his frequent absence from work? 他经常旷工，你能想得出什么理由进行解释吗?

We all thought highly of his work．

我们对他的工作评价都很高。

温馨提示

对think of提问(尽管是对well或highly的提问)，不能根据汉语去直译，如“你觉得这部电影怎样?”不能翻译为：

11

How do you think of the film?

应该是：

What do you think of the film?

归纳拓展

think about考虑；关心；打算(做某事)

think sth. over仔细想；慎重思考；作进一步考虑

think sth. out认真考虑；仔细盘算

bring out

【原句回放】Pay special attention to the rhythm and intonation of what you say and try to bring out the humour．特别注意你说话的节奏和语调并尽量把幽默的意味表达出来。(P22)

【点拨】

bring out生产，制造；使显露，使显现；带……出去

to bring out a new kind of soap生产一种新肥皂

to bring out the worst in sb．使某人显露其最丑恶的一面

Bring the children out and I'll have an important report to write．把孩子们带出去，我要写一篇重要的报告。

易混辨析

bring on，bring about，bring around，bring down，bring up与bring in的区别

①bring on的意思是“带来，引起，端上(菜)”等。

Waiter，how soon can you bring on the beef we ordered?

服务生，我们要的牛排多久能上来?

Pollution often brings on illnesses．污染常引起疾病。

②bring about的意思是“引起(事故、变化等)，导致，致使”。

I don’t know what brought about his change in his thinking．

我不知道是什么原因导致他改变了想法。

His carelessness brought about an accident．

他的粗心导致了一场事故。

③bring around的意思是“把某人带到某场所”。

Can you bring him around your schoolyard?

你能领他参观你们的校园吗?’

④bring down的意思是“降低(价格等)”。

The government has taken some measures to bring down the price．政府已采取一些措施来降低物价。

⑤bring up,的意思是“教育，培养；吐出，提出某事物”。

Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt．她出生后不久父母双亡，她是由姑妈抚养长大的。

These are matters that you can bring up in committee．

这些事你可以在委员会上提出。

⑥bring in的意思是“逮捕某人；介绍某人(充当顾问、助手等)；摘取并收集”。

Two thieves were brought in this afternoon．

今天下午两个小偷被逮捕了。

Experts were brought in to advise the government．

请来了专家担任政府顾问。

[来源学&科&网Z&X&X&K]

12

重点句型

as引导非限制性定语从句

【原句回放】As Victor Hugo once said，“Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”，and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin．维克多·雨果曾经说过：“笑容如阳光，驱走人们脸上的冬天。”关于这一点。直到今天也没有人能比查理·卓别林做得更好。(P18)

(1)

【点拨】as引导非限制性定语从句，代替后面句子的内容；that 引导的定语从句修饰the sun。

as引导非限制性定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语，可代表主句的内容；可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号隔开。

As everyone knows，about two thirds of the earth is covered with water．

众所周知，地球上大约三分之二的面积被水覆盖着。

He is from the south，as we can know from his accent．

我们从他的口音可以知道他是南方人。

归纳拓展

as引导的定语从句常用在下列固定结构中：

as is known to all众所周知as we all know众所周知

as has been said before正如之前所说

as is often the case情况常常如此

as may be imagined这可以想象得出

as has been pointed out正如已经指出的那样

as has been said above正如上面所说

as often happens正如经常发生的那样

思维拓展

so/such...as...

如此……以至于……

the same...as...与……一样的……

We have never heard such stories as he tells．

我们从未听过他讲那样的故事。(as在从句中作tells的宾语)

Such men as heard him were deeply moved．

听过他说话的人都深受感动。(as在从句中作heard的主语)

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore．

她穿着跟她妹妹穿的一样的裙子。(as强调事物的相似性)

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding．她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿的那条连衣裙。(that指的是与先行词相同的同一事物)

(2)up to now=(up till now/till now/until now)直到现在

Up to now he has been very quiet．

到目前为止，他一直很安静。

They haven’t collected enough money up to now．

直到现在他们还没有筹集到足够的钱。

I’ve lived at home up till now．

我到现在一直住在家里。

温馨提示

up to/till now“直到现在”，与现在完成时连用；from now on“从现在开始”，与一般将来时连用；from now“从现在起，今后”，与一般将来时连用；for now“目前，当前”，与一般现在时连用。

归纳拓展

13

be up to sb.

由某人决定

up to date最新的；现代的What’s up? 怎么了?

be up to sth.

达到(某数量、程度等)；能胜任；正在做，在捣鬼

so...that 引导结果状语从句

【原句回放】They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner．他们饿极了。只好煮了一双皮鞋来充饥。(P18)

【点拨】

so...that 引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”．经常用在下面的句型中：so+形容词/副词+that从句；so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+that从句；so + many /few+复数可数名词+that从句；so + much / little+不可数名词+that从句。

He is so kind that we all like him．

He is so kind a mall that we all like him．

他为人很好，我们都喜欢他。

There are so many books in the library that I don’t know which to borrow．

图书馆里的书太多了，以至于我不知该借哪一本。

I have so much work to do that I have no time to go out．

我有如此多的事情要做，我没时间出去。

温馨提示

“so + much/little+不可数名词+that从句”中的little为“少的”，如为“小的”之意时，则不用so，用such。

You can buy only such little presents with so little money．

这么少的钱你只能买这些小的礼物。

归纳拓展

引导结果状语从句的还有such...that。such...that句型中，such修饰的中心词为名词。以上例句还可以表达为：

There are such a lot of books in the library that I don’t know which to borrow．

He is such a kind man that we all like him．

It was such fine weather that everyone wanted to go out．

天气这么好，以至于每个人都想出去。

状语从句的省略

【原句回放】The answer to the question contains a word which，when spoken，can have two meanings．这个问题的答案包含这样一个单词——当说出来的时候它会有两个意思。(P22)

【点拨】

when spoken是when it is spoken的省略形式。

(1)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相一致，且从句含动词be，从句可用省略主语和动词be的形式。

I’ll go to Mary’s birthday party if invited to．(if I’m invited to)

要是我受到邀请的话，我就去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

What were you doing while staying at the hotel?(while you were staying)

待在宾馆的这段时间你在干什么? (2)在when it is + adj.

结构中，it is也经常省略。

Whenever(it was) possible，they would stop him and ask him the question．

归纳拓展

在条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句中，也经常采用这种省略的形式。

14

名词短语引导的时间状语从句

【原句回放】It should be easily understood the first time you read it．当你第一次读(短篇故事)时，它应该很容易理解。(P24)

【点拨】

every time/each time/the first time/the last time/the next time/the moment/the minute /the second /immediately /directly等实际上起的是连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。

The harvest will be got in the next time you come．

下次你来时庄稼将已收好了。

The first week I stayed in the hotel I came across an old friend of mine．在旅馆住的第一个星期我就遇见了我的一个老朋友。

易混辨析

for the first time与the first time的区别

①for the first time在句中作时间状语，而the first time可以在句中作连词，意思是“第一次，一……就”。

The first time I saw it，I realized it was made for us only．

第一次看到它，我就意识到它是专门为我们做的。

②the first time也可以作表语，用在It is (was) the first time that...句型中，后面的句子要用相应的完成时态(现在完成时或过去完成时)。在口语或非正式文体中也可以用一般时态。

It’s the first time that I have seen such a funny show．

这是我第一次看这么滑稽的演出。

This was the best film that I had ever seen．

这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影了。

as if引导的从句

【原句回放】Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti．查理首先挑出鞋带来吃，像吃意大利面条一样。(P18)

as if引导的从句

1)as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时，通常用陈述语气。

It looks as if it is going to rain．天看起来好像要下雨。

It seems as if the boy has lost his way．那个男孩好像迷路了。

He is a happy-go-lucky man as if he has no worries and cares in the world．

他是个无忧无虑的人，好像世上没有任何让他烦恼和发愁的事。

as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式(be动词用were)；从句动作与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成式(had+过去分词)；从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用过去将来式(would+动词原形)。

The young man with long hair looks as if he were a girl．

那个满头长发的男青年看上去像个女孩。

The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him．

那个受伤的男子表现得好像什么事也没发生。

He opened his mouth as if he would say something．

他张开嘴好像要说什么。

3)as if引导的同一从句中所用时态不同，意思也不同。

The boss speaks aloud as if he is angry．

15

老板说话声音很高，好像他生气了。(真的生气了)

The boss speaks aloud as if he were angry．

老板说话声音很高，仿佛生气了。(其实没有生气)

He looks as if he is ill．他好像病了。(真的病了)

He looks as if he were ill．他好像生病似的。(其实没生病)

4)as if作从属连词引导的方式状语从句部分，常用省略形式。

①as if后接名词

He acts as if a fool．他表现得像个傻子。

②as if后接形容词

The old woman set upon the thief as if mad．

那个老妇人发疯似地扑向小偷。

③as if后接副词

She talked to the stranger while walking，as if absent—mindedly．

她边走边应酬着那位陌生人，好像是心不在焉。

④as if后接介词短语

He opened the archive，as if in search of some militant information．

他打开档案室，好像要搜寻什么重要军事情报。

⑤as if后接现在分词

The boy is running impatiently here and there as if searching for something lost on the spots ground．这个男孩急躁地跑来跑去，好像在找丢在操场上的什么东西。

⑥as if后接过去分词

The football player is rolling on the ground as if hurt badly in the leg．

那个足球运动员在地上滚来滚去，好像是腿部受了重伤。

⑦as if后接不定式

He moved his lips as if to speak．他蠕动双唇，好像是要说话。

来源:Z*xx*k.Com]

C- 动词ing作表语和定语和宾语补足语

动词ing形式作表语，定语和宾语补足语

概念引入：

The music they are playing sounds so exciting .

We watched three boys sharing their food with each Our job is playing all kinds of music . The girl singing now is a classmate of mine

语法讲解

非谓语动词中的ing形式包括两种：

一种是动名词，另外一种是现在分词。

•

基本形式：

[来源:学|科|网]

16

1、-ing形式作表语

1) -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。如：

Her hobby is painting.

她的业余爱好是画画。

My job is looking after the children.

我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。

2) –ing用来表示主语所具有的特征，如：

His concern for his mother is most touching.

他对母亲的关爱很感人。

His words are encouraging.

他的话很鼓舞人。

2、-ing形式作定语

1). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：

building materials

= materials for building 建筑材料

drinking water

= water for drinking

饮用水

a reading room

= a room for reading

阅览室

2). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：

tiring music

= music that is tiring

烦人的音乐

a surprising result

= a result that is surprising

一个惊人的结果

3). 表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：

正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。

The student making the experiment is our monitor.

我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。

We can see the rising sun.

Attention

1) 单个-ing形式作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之前, -ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：

They lived in a room facing the street.

17

= They lived in a room that faces the street.

他们住在一间面朝街的房子。

The man standing there is Peter’s father.

= The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.

站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。

2) V-ing, 过去分词，不定式做定语时的区别：

The student making the experiment is our monitor.

They lived in a room facing the street.

正在举行的会议非常重要。

The meeting being held now is very important. 昨天举行的会议非常重要。

The meeting held yesterday is very important. 明天要举行的会议非常重要。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 3)-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：

His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.

= His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.

他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。

The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.

= The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.

那棵苹果树硕果累累，在微风中轻轻摇曳。

3、-ing形式作宾语补足语

1) 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个正在进行的动作或一种状态。如：

当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。

When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance.

我发现地板上放着一个包。

I found a bag lying on the ground.

那老板让工人整夜地工作。

The boss kept the workers working the whole night.

2）当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如：

They found the result very satisfying.

= The result is found very satisfying. They heard him singing in the next room.

= He was heard singing in the next room.

3). 能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:

a. 感官动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, 等。如：

We saw a light burning in the window.

I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder.

Can you smell anything burning?

As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously.

Listen to the birds singing.

I didn’t notice him waiting.

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b. 使役动词，常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：

I won’t have you doing that.

This set me thinking. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

I can’t get the clock going again. You won’t catch me doing that again. 4)see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：

①

前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示（或强调）动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:

We passed by the classmates and saw

the teacher making the experiment.

我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。

（只在走过教室的刹那间，看见老师正在做实验）

We sat an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment.

我们坐了一个小时，看老师做实验。

（一个小时之内一直在看老师作实验）

②

如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定式短语表示一次动作，

而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如：

We heard the door slam. (一次动作)

We heard the door slamming. (反复动作)

[来源学科网ZXXK]

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