Learning about Language精品学案

Unit 4 Exploring plants Part One: Teaching Design Period 2: A lesson plan for Learning about Language (The Direct Object and Indirect Object)

Aims To help students learn about the Direct Object and Indirect Object

To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures Procedures I. Warming up by discuusing——Do plants grow better if you talk to them? Last evening, after doing my homework, I spent several hours nursing my apartment full of sick plants. I fell to wondering: is it true what mom used to tell me, that plants enjoy being talked to? My mother taught me all I know about plant care, and I follow all her instructions to the letter (except the talking bit, which I always thought was crazy), yet her plants are infinitely healthier than mine. Is there any scientific evidence that plants respond to the human voice or presence? Do some people (like mom) give off "vibes" that plants really like while other peoples' "auras" (my own, for instance) leave them cold? Might this have anything to do with the fact, known the world over, that babies always cry when held by certain people or that cats are passionately attracted to people who are deathly allergic to them?

II. Discovering useful words and expressions Do plants grow better if you talk to them? I don’t know.

Now let’s go to page 34 to skim the two exercises text to get an overview of what are being talked about.

Go to page 32 to scan the text for words and expressions to complete the two exercises on page 34.

III. Revising Direct and Indirect Speech When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Direct Speech

simple present

He said, “I go

to school every day.”

Indirect Speech

simple past

He said (that) he went to school every day.

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simple past

He said, “I went

to school every day.”

present perfect

He said, “I have gone

to school every day.”

present progressive

He said, “I am going

to school every day.”

past progressive

He said, “I was going

to school every day.”

future (will)

He said, “I will go

to school every day.”

future (going to)

He said, “I am going

to school every day.”

past perfect

He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

past perfect

He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day.

perfect progressive

He said (that) he had been going to school every day,

would + verb name

He said (that) he would go to school every day.

present progressive

He said (that) he is going

to school every day.

past progressive

He said (that) he was going to school every day

Indirect Speech

simple past

He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.

Direct Speech

auxiliary + verb name

He said, “Do you go

to school every day?”

He said, “Where do you go

to school?”

imperative

He said, “Go

to school every day.”

infinitive

He said to go to school every day.

The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below. Direct Speech

simple present + simple present

He says, “I go

to school every day.”

present perfect + simple present

He has said, “I go

to school every

Indirect Speech

simple present + simple present

He says (that) he goes to school every day.

present perfect + simple present

He has said (that) he goes to school every 2

day.”

past progressive + simple past

He was saying, “I went to school every day.”

day.

past progressive + simple past

He was saying

(that) he went

to school every day.

past progressive + past perfect

He was saying

(that) he had gone

to school every day.

future + simple present

He will say

(that) he goes to school every day.

future + simple present

He will say, “I go

to school every day.”

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech

can

He said, “I can

go

to school every day.”

may

He said, “I may go

to school every day.”

might

He said, “I might go to school every day.”

must

He said, “I must go

to school every day.”

have to

He said, “I have to go to school every day.”

should

He said, “I should go to school every day.”

ought to

He said, “I ought to

go to school every day.”

Indirect Speech

could

He said (that) he could

go to school every day.

might

He said (that) he might go

to school every day.

had to

He said (that) he had to go

to school every day.

should

He said (that) he should

go to school every day.

ought to

He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

IV. Revising useful structures You are going to do the three structure exercises on page 35 in pairs.

For exercise 1, you are asked to rewrite the six sentences using to or for with the indirect object.

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For exercise 2, complete the sentences using the –ing form or the infinitive of the verb as the object. For exercise 3, find the one mistake in each of the six sentences and correct it. V. Closing down by taking a quiz Take the following sentences in direct speech and put them into indirect (or reported) speech.

Tom said, "I want to visit my friends this weekend." Tom said he wanted to visit his friends that weekend.

Jerry said, "I'm studying English a lot at the moment." Jerry said he was studying English a lot at that moment.

They said, "We've lived here for a long time." They said they had lived there for a long time.

He asked me, "Have you finished reading the newspaper?" He asked me if I had finished reading the newspaper.

"I get up every morning at seven o'clock.", Peter said. Peter said he got up every morning at seven o'clock.

Susan reassured me, "I can come tonight." Susan told me she could come that night.

She said, "I really wish I had bought that new car." She told me she really wished she had bought that new car.

Jack said, "He must be guilty!"

Jack said he must have been guilty.

Cheryl asked her, "How long have you lived here?" Cheryl asked her how long she had lived there.

He said, "I must get going. Otherwise, I'm going to be late." He told me he had to get going. Otherwise he was going to be late.

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