Learning about LanguagePPT及专用教学设计内容

The Unit 4 Body Language The Fourth Period Grammar

Structure Study

一: V-ing 形式由

“do＋ing” 构成, 其否定形式是

“not doing”, V-ing 可以带宾语或状语构成

V-ing 短语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但有时态和语态的变化。

V-ing 形式在句中作定语和状语是本单元的学习重点。

1. 作定语

V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语,

这时有两种情况。

1)

-ing形式表示

“供作......之用”的意思, 这类作定语的-ing形式叫动名词。

A swimming pool

= a pool for swimming 2) -ing形式表示

“......的” 意思, 叫现在分词

A sleeping child

working people

the rising sun

-ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从句。如:

They are visitors coming from several countries.

The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 2. 作状语

可以表示时间, 原因, 结果,条件, 行为方式或伴随动作等。

Attention Please

-ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。

Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city.

(分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。) Homework Do “Using Structures” on Page 64.

文化背景知识

1. Some more information about Body Language:

to nod consent

点头表示同意，

to nod one’s farewell

点头表示告别，

to nod as a sign of agreement or as a familiar greeting

点头表示赞同或打招呼，

to hold one’s head high

昂首挺胸(表示趾高气扬)，

to shake one’s fist

挥动拳头(表示威胁)，

to shake one’s head 摇头(表示不知道)，to show a V sign 由食指和中指构成字母“V”，而“V”是victory的第一个字母。因此，这一手势是祝愿胜利或庆祝胜利之意。

to wink at a person

向某人眨眼睛，

to make a face 面部露出厌恶的表情，

to shrug one’s shoulders

耸耸肩膀

(表示冷淡或怀疑)，

to keep (or have) one’s fingers crossed

把中指叠在食指上交叉着，作十字状。这是暗中希望上帝保佑自己正在做的事成功。

to crook a finger 朝某人弯曲食指。是招人过来的意思。

更有趣的是英美人用大拇指

(thumb) 做出许多不同的表示。

to thumb one’s nose 以大拇指按鼻，其余四指张开，表示轻视。在英美等国家，你会看到这种手势经常用在调皮的孩子们中间。他们用大拇指点着自己的鼻子，而其他四指张开不停地摇动，表示轻蔑或嘲弄。也可以说“to cock a snook at somebody”. to twiddle one’s thumbs

无聊地绕动着两个大拇指，表示无所事事，懒散。

thumbs down 大拇指朝下，表示反对或拒绝。

thumbs up 翘起大拇指，表示赞成或夸奖。

但值得一提的是在英美等西方国家，有时会看到有人站在马路边，朝驶过来的车辆伸出一只翘起大拇指的拳头。这是请求搭便车的意思。所以搭车也可以说“to thumb a lift”。

2. Introduction of a book about body language of horses:

Horses communicate with remarkable accuracy in a language of posture, gesture and sound. They express their needs, wishes and emotions to each other and to the rare human being who understands them. After reading this unprecedented (空前的), exciting and up-lifting book, you will understand the equine (horse’s) language. You

therefore will know how to recognize:

A happy horse. A frightened horse. An angry horse. A bored horse. A grieving (令人忧伤的) horse. A frustrated (受挫折的) horse. A horse in pain. A playful horse. A proud horse. An eagerly competitive horse. And many horses more!

Moreover, you will know how to reassure the frightened, calm the angry, comfort the grieving, divert (使解闷)the bored-and deal with most other human-equine difficulties. You will know how to educate a foal (驹) or rehabilitate (挽救) a rogue (无赖). You will know how to look at race horses on their way to the starting gate and tell the likely winners from the losers.

You even will know how to buy a horse. But best of all, you will finally understand what these grand animals are all about, and you will know better than ever before how they (and we) fit into nature’s scheme (plan)of things. 3. An extra reading passage about Body language:

When we communicate with other people it is not only our words that contain the meaning. An important part of that meaning comes from what is called “non-verbal (非言辞的) communication”. By this we mean facial expression; gestures with hands, arms, legs; the way we sit or stand; the way we touch other people; the distance we keep between ourselves and the people we are talking to; our dress and our appearance. All these say something to other people.

Facial expressions and gestures are used by everyone often spontaneously (自发地), even unconsciously. Smiling, for example, is found in most cultures as a sign of happiness or pleasure. Gestures such as pointing, waving, shaking or nodding the head are also widely used, although the gestures themselves do not always mean the same in every culture. I once asked a Portuguese student why bank officials in Lisbon seemed so dour (gloomy)-sorry Lisbon bank clerks, but it’s true-and he told me that if they smiled too much they would not seem serious about their work.

Because many non-verbal messages are “culture specific (special, distinctive, or unique)”, they can cause a lot of misunderstanding between people from different backgrounds. Northern Europeans and Americans, for example, like to keep a certain

“personal space” between themselves and others and feel uncomfortable if people come too close to them. In these same cultures it is considered impolite to stare, but Greeks, it is said, feel ignored if people do not stare at them in public. Europeans usually change their facial expression to show happiness, anger, boredom, and sadness. 4. Some information about the countries maybe less known to students in the Text: ①

Columbia:

Colombia is located in the northwest part of South America, and is the only country on South America with coasts on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The most distinguishing feature (显著的特点) of the country is the Andes Mountains chain, which is in the central western part of the country and extends almost its entire length, north and south.

In contrast to snow-capped mountains are the rain forests, located in the torrid (热带的) lowlands of Colombia, where the animal life and vegetation make it a unique place in the world. The country is rich in minerals and natural resources, and although known for its splendid coffee, it is also a major source of the world’s emeralds (绿宝石) and flowers. Mahogany (桃花心木), oak, walnut, and pine trees are also plentiful, as are plants such as rubber, vanilla (香草), and ginger. Agriculture is an important part of the Colombian economy.

Colombia has a diverse population, although over half are of Spanish descent (血统). The heritage of the Spanish colonial period is still very well preserved in many areas, where family life and dress still hold to traditional norms. However, cultures vary greatly from region to region, each adding to the country’s variety.

One of the world’s most noted authors, Literature Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, is a native of Colombia.

The largest cities in Colombia are Santafe de Bogota (the capital city), Cali, Medellin, and Barranquilla. ②

Jordan:

Jordan, officially Hashemite (哈桑王族) Kingdom of Jordan, with an area of 37,737 sq ms (97,740 sq kms) and a population of 4,101,000 (estimated in 1995), is

located in the southwest Asia, bordered by Israel (W), Syria (N), Iraq (NE), and Saudi Arabia (E, S). Amman is the capital and largest city.

Before 1967 Jordan fell into three main geographical regions: East Jordan, which includes about 92% of the country’s land area, the Jordanian Highlands (highest point, 5,755 ft/1,754 m), and West Jordan (the West Bank, part of historic Palestine. In the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank, and Jordan has since given up its claim to the area).

Jordan’s economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, although less than 5% of the land is arable (适于耕种的). The principal crops are vegetables, wheat, and citrus (柑橘类) fruits; olives are grown for oil. Manufactures are limited to such items as foodstuffs, clothing, and cement, and there is some oil refining. Phosphate (磷酸盐) rock and potash (碳酸钾) are the only minerals produced in quantity.

The annual cost of Jordan’s imports far exceeds its earnings from exports. Aqaba (亚喀巴), on the Gulf of Aqaba, is the only seaport. The inhabitants of Jordan are mostly of Arab descent (over half are of Palestinian descent), and Arabic is the official language, although English is also spoken among the higher socio-economic groups. About 95% of the people are Sunni (逊尼派) Muslims.

Under the 1952 constitution (宪法), the king is the most powerful figure in the country; he appoints a cabinet (headed by a prime minister). The bicameral (两院制的) parliament has been convened and dissolved by the king several times since 1974; the 1989 elections were the first in 22 years. Political parties were again permitted to field candidates in 1993. ③

Muslim countries:

Most people in the West think of Muslim or Moslem countries, where people believe in Islam, a monotheistic (一神论的) religion characterized by the acceptance of the doctrine of submission to God and Mohammed (穆罕默德) as the chief and last prophet (先知)of God, as a Middle Eastern religion. Nevertheless, Islam is clearly a South Asian, South East Asian, Central Asian, African, and Middle Eastern religion, with a growing presence in Europe and North America.

There are about 40 Muslim countries in the world, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan,

Turkey, Kuwait, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen and so on and so forth. People in these countries mostly believe in Islam.

The name for the religion of Islam, as its publicity (宣传) goes, is much more than just a name, because it expresses a deep spiritual meaning as well as an overall outlook on life and concept of worship. The word “Islam”

is an Arabic word which means “complete submission(服从) to the will of Almighty God”. Other religions are named after their founders, such as Christianity and Buddhism; after a tribe or ethnic group, such as Judaism (犹太教); or after a specific geographical region, such as Hinduism (印度教). Islam, however, is unique because its name represents its outlook on life and reflects its universal nature. Besides, the name “Islam” was not thought up by its followers or applied by other people, as is the case with the names of other religions, but was revealed (显示) by Almighty God. This name expressed nothing new, because submission to the will of God, i.e. “Islam”, has always been the true religion of God. Due to this fact, and since the teachings of Islam are straightforward, profound and logical, Islam is the “Natural Religion” of all human beings. The name of no other religion carries any significant message, or conveys the true sense of its outlook on life, as does the name “Islam”.