Learning about Language多媒体教案及点评

定语从句

【考点诠释】

（1）

考点描述：

高中英语考试大纲要求学生掌握相当于大学英语六级水平阶段的英语语法知识，熟练掌握定语从句句型并能较好的使用这一句型，能熟练的进行各种句型的转换；掌握复合句的用法。因此掌握定语从句的基本概念、结构与特点对于语言理解具有相当重要的意义。在高考试题中，主要考查学生以下能力：

①正确选择引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；

②whose的用法及其和which，whom的互换；

③介词+关系代词；

④as的用法；

⑤区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。

（2）

命题规律：

近年来，高考定语从句命题难度也在不断增加，越来越注重对引导词特殊用法的考察，下面是近五年新课标高考中该考点考察情况一览表：

考频统计

年份

限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别

关系代词和关系副词的选用

介词+关系代词

其它

2009 2 5 2 5 2010 2 3 2 4 2011 2 6 3 4 2012 4 4 5 2 2013 6 7 1 3

（3）考点预测

从近几年高考卷看来，定语从句的命题主要出现在单选中，且重要考察引导词的选择，如：

①

引导词代替一个句子；

②

正确选择关系代词和关系副词；

③

介词+关系代词；

④

分隔式定语从句。

【知识储备】

根据对近年高考定语从句特点的分析和新课程标准的要求，建议同学们在备战高考过程中，熟练掌握以下几点：

定义：

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由引导词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有who, whom, that, which, whose, as。

关系副词有when, where, why。

2.关系代词引导的定语从句

我们会在这一节以一种全新的角度来解读定语从句---句子合并法。

1

⑴ The woman is a doctor. She lives next door. 选择两个句子中的一个当主句，另外一个做从句。找出两个句子中重合的部分，这个词就是先行词，把选中的从句放在先行词之后。以本句为例，先行词为“the woman”，代入从句，即“she”，在从句中充当了句子的主语。

The woman --- she lives next door --- is a doctor. 用关系代词who/that来代替充当主语的she。

The woman who/that lives next door is a doctor. ⑵ The woman was away on holiday. I wanted to see her.

The woman --- I wanted to see her. --- was away on holiday.

用同样的方法，用who/that来替代做宾语的her。

The woman who/that I wanted to see was away on holiday.

小结1：

who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语或宾语。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致，关系代词做宾语还可以省略不写。

⑶ A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

A building --- It has now been rebuilt. ---was destroyed in the fire. 用关系代词which/that来替代it, 并在从句中充当主语。

A building which/that has now been rebuilt was destroyed in the fire.

⑷ Have you found the key? You lost the key.

Have you found the key? --- You lost the key. 用关系代词which/that来替代it, 并在从句中充当宾语。

Have you found the key which/that you lost ?

小结2：

which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语或宾语等。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。

⑸ We saw some people. Their car/ The car of the people had broke down. ①

We saw some people --- Their（the people’s）

car had broke down. 用关系代词whose来代替形容词性物主代词their，并在从句中充当定语，来修饰限定the car。

We saw some people whose car had broke down. ②

We saw some people --- The car of the people had broke down. 用whom来代替people，在从句中充当介词of的宾语，因此必须用whom，而不能用who。

We saw some people the car of whom had broke down. “of which” 位置灵活，可与the +n.

互换。

We saw some people of whom the car had broke down. ⑹ Steven worked in a company. Its (the company’s) head office / The head office of the company is located in France. ①

Steven worked in a company. --- Its head office is located in France. 用关系代词whose来代替形容词性物主代词its，并在从句中充当定语，来修饰限head office。

2

Steven worked in a company whose head office is located in France.

②

Steven worked in a company. --- The head office of the company is located in France. 用which来代替the company，在从句中充当介词of的宾语。

Steven worked in a company the head office of which is located in France. 或

Steven worked in a company

of which the head office is located in France.

小结3：

whose 用来指人或物，只作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换,即whose + n. = of which + the +n.

或the +n.+ of which；若指人，可以同of whom互换，即whose + n . =of whom+ the+ n.或the +n.+ of whom。

关系副词引导的定语从句

⑺

The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed there /in the hotel. ①

The hotel --- we stayed there --- wasn’t very clean.

用关系副词where来替代副词there，在从句中做地点状语。

The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

②

The hotel --- we stayed in the hotel --- wasn’t very clean.

用关系代词which/that来代替the hotel在从句中做介词in的宾语，因为做宾语，也可省略which/that。

The hotel (which/that) we stayed in

wasn’t very clean.

特别提醒：

介词也可放到关系代词之前，但这时只能用which，而不能用that，也不能省略。

The hotel in

which we stayed wasn’t very clean.

再看下例，

⑻

Do you still remember the day? We first met on the day.

Do you still remember the day --- We first met on the day. 用关系代词which/that来代替the day在从句中做介词on的宾语，因为做宾语，也可省略which/that。

Do you still remember the day (which/that) we first met on? 同样介词on也可放到关系代词之前，但这时只能用which，而不能用that。

Do you still remember the day on which we first met? 我们也可用关系副词“when”来替代“介词+which”做从句的时间状语。

Do you still remember the day when we first met? ⑼

The reason was that I didn’t know your address. I didn’t write to you for the reason.

The reason --- I didn’t write to you for the reason --- was that I didn’t know your address.

用关系代词which来代替the reason在从句中做介词for的宾语。

The reason for

which I didn’t write to you

was that I didn’t know your address.

我们也可用关系副词“why”来替代“for+which”做从句的原因状语。

特别提醒：

这时介词只能使用“for”。

The reason why

I didn’t write to you

was that I didn’t know your address.

小结4：

关系副词when，where，why可分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状

3

语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。

判断关系代词与关系副词

准确判断先行词在从句中所做的成分（主、宾、定、状等），能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

判断改错：

①

(×)

This is the city where I visited last year. (√)

This is the city which I visited last year

②

(×)

I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(√)

I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词

where, when联系在一起。此两题错在没能正确地判断先行词在从句中所做的成分，句①中先行词the mountain village在从句中做visited的宾语，故要用关系代词，同样句②中the days在从句中做spent的宾语，也要用关系代词来代替。

还有一些句子用疑问句来混淆视听，实际上它是在考察我们对句子成分的掌握的熟练程度。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A.

where B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例1变为肯定句

This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

主句缺少表语，补充the one, 并在从句中充当visited的宾语，可省。答案为D 例2变为肯定句

This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

主句为一个完整的句子，先行词museum在从句中充当地点状语，答案为A 特别提醒：

考生在遇到疑问句时，应该首先把它变成陈述句，以便正确把握句子成分，降低解题难度。

小结5：

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语。

5. 介词+关系词

1)

介词后面的关系词不能省略，即“介词+which”或者“介词+whom”结构，这时关系代词绝对不能使用that。

The man to whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

This is the house in which I used to live.

有时，前面的介词可移到从句中去，上述两例我们还可以说成：

The man (who/whom/that) I talked to at the meeting is from Beijing University.

This is the house (which/that) I used to live in. 特别提醒：

如果介词移到从句中，关系代词作宾语，可以省略。

2)

某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when

4

和where 互换。见例⑺

⑻

⑼。

特别提醒：

这并不意味着所有的“介词+关系代词”都可以和关系副词互换，只有符合以下条件，才能互换。先行词分别为表示时间、地点、原因的名词，且在从句中做状语。

3）介词的选择

介词的选择受到一定的限制，或与先行词的搭配有关，或与从句中的谓语动词的搭配有关，有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配。

①

The speed at which the car runs depends on the road conditions. “at the speed of”为搭配，意为“以……速度行驶”。

②

In the dark street there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. “turn to”为固定短语，意为“向……求助”。

6. 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句

as和which可代整个主句，放在句首用as；句中as，which均可，能译成“正如......”用as，否则用which。例如：

As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. 他来自于南方，正如我们能从他的口音中听出来的那样。

7. as 的用法

①

the same…as

I have got into the same trouble as he has. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。

关系代词as在从句中充当has的宾语，但不可省略。

特别提醒：

当先行词被the same 修饰时，that 也可以引导定语从句，但是意义有所不同。

★

the same … as

(指同样或同类的，不是同一个)

★

the same … that (指同一个)

This is the same watch as I lost.

这块儿表和我丢的那块儿一样。

This is the same watch that I lost.

这就是我丢的那块儿表。

②

such / so / as … as 中的as 是一种固定结构, “和……一样……”。例如：

It is such a heavy bag as

he can’t lift.

It is so / as heavy a bag

as

he can’t lift.

关系代词as引导定语从句，在从句中充当宾语，同样不能省略，但是当先行词被such / so / as修饰时，that所引导的却不是定语从句，而是结果状语从句。

It is so/as a heavy bag that

he can’t lift it.

It is such a heavy bag that he can’t lift it.

特别提醒：

考生们在做题时可通过观察所选引导词在后边的从句中做不做成分来判断是否为定语从句。

5

限定性和非限定性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限定性和非限定性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限定性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限定性）

关系代词that 的用法

这里说的that的用法，指的是that和which的区别。

1)

不能that的情况

a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：

The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b) 介词后不能用。例如：

This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. 如果把介词“in”放到从句中去，就可以写成，

This is the house (that/which) Lu Xun used to live in. 2)

只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

b) 在不定代词，如:

everything, something, anything, nothing, one, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词或先行词被不定代词修饰时，只用that，不用which。

I’ll do everything that I can to help you.

我会尽我做大的可能来帮助你。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

c) 先行词有the only, the very, the right修饰时只用that。

The only thing that matters is to find our way home.

This is the very book that I’ve been looking for.

d) 先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,只用that。.

The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.

It’s the best film that I have ever seen.

e) 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：

Look at the old man and his dog that are walking in the street.

f) 当特殊疑问句由who或which引导时，为避免重复，只用that。

Who is the man that is standing by the door?

Which is the dictionary that you bought yesterday?

g) 先行词在定语从句中充当表语时，只用that。

The village is not the one that it was 30 years ago.

6

The man is not the one that he used to be.

几种复杂的定语从句

(1)

the way 后面的定语从句: 如果先行词是the way并且在从句中做方式状语时，定语从句的引导词可以用in which, that或不填。

Please tell me the way (in which/that) you did the job.

(2)

定语从句中加插入语:

关系代词与动词之间有时有一个插入语，有时用逗号隔开，有时没有逗号隔开。常用的插入语的动词有believe, suppose, guess, say等。

This is the man who/that I believe is honest.

We feed the children who/that we think are hungry.

上述两例中，引导词均不能用whom，因为引导词在从句中做的是主语，I believe, we think分别为两个句子的插入语，不做任何句子成分。

(3)

分隔式定语从句

定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语，状语或谓语隔开。例如：

There is an expression in his eyes which I can’t understand.

定语从句“which I can’t understand”修饰的先行词为an expression，被状语in his eyes隔开。

The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon. 定语从句“when the Chinese people were looked down upon”修饰的先行词为“the days”。

(4)定语从句中的主谓一致的问题

a) 在定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,谓语的数由先行词决定；

Do you know the girl who speaks English? b) 定语从句有自己的主语（即引导词不充当定语从句的主语）其谓语动词的单复数和定语从句主语的单复数一致。

You must do everything that he does. c) 定语从句修饰前面的整个句子（其主语通常是引导词which, as）谓语动词一般用单数，不用复数。

They have invited me to their country, which makes me thank them. d) 当先行词为“one of+复数名词”，定语从句中的谓语用复数；当先行词为“the (only，very，last) one of +复数名词”，谓语用单数。

①That is one of the rooms that are free now. ② He is the only one of the students who is interested in sports. (5) 注意下面这句话的特殊性

Her sister had become a lawyer，which she wanted to be. 在这句话中，定语从句的引导词为which，因为先行词a lawyer不指人，而是一种职业。

(6) which引导定语从句在从句中做定语时，也能做介词宾语。

It rained all night and all day，during which time the ship broke in pieces. I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. It might snow this weekend, in which case we won’t go to Wales

The next Olympics are in three years, by which time Stevens will be 34. (7) situation, case, point, stage在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where或“介词+ which”。

7

occasion在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用when或“介词+ which”。

We may be trapped in such a situation/point where we have no one to turn to. Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (8) 另外定语从句中还常出现这样一种表示所属关系的结构：all of / most of +which / whom

★

Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (2 sentences)

Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (1 sentence) ★

They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. (2 sentences)

They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. (1 sentence) 类似的结构还有：

none of / neither of / any of / either of / some of / many of / much of / a few of/ both of / half of / each of / one of / two of + which (物) / whom (人) 这一结构多在改错中出现。

(9)有些先行词看似普通，实际上在从句中做的是状语，如：

The film Jane Eyre, where Jane was a strong character, was adapted from the novel of the same title. 先行词the film Jane Eyre，带入定语从句后为：Jane was a strong character in the film Jane Eyre. 可知关系词在从句中做状语，in which = where。

(10)

众所周知，定语从句的引导词中存在“介词+关系代词”，即“介词+which/whom”这种结构。但我们还要注意一种特殊情况“from + where”。实际上它是关系代词前叠加了两个介词。如：

Alice stood in front of the window, from in front of which she could watch her classmates playing basketball. Alice stood in front of the window, from

where

she could watch her classmates playing basketball.

定语从句与其它几种从句的区别

⑴

定语从句与同位语从句的区别

定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：

①

He makes a promise that if he can get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the company．

他许诺如果他能获得那份工作，他将努力为公司挣尽可能多的钱。

(that引导的同位语从句是对先行词a promise的进一步解释和说明) ②

Mike’ s parents made a special promise to Tom that surprised Tom．

迈克的父母对汤姆许下了一个特别的诺言，这使得汤姆很惊奇。

(that引导的定语从句是对先行词promise的修饰和限制) 特别提醒：

定语从句的引导词在从句中做成分，如句②中，that代替promise在从句中做主语；而同位语的引导词却不做成分。

⑵

定语从句与强调句的区别

定语从句和强调句的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/was…that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句。如：

It was in 1998 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi．

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在1998年，洪水毁坏了江西地区很多的房屋。(强调句) (判断方法：如果去掉it was和that，剩下in 1998 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi句子结构完整，可判定原句为强调句) ⑶

定语从句与状语从句的区别

定语从句在句子中作定语，修饰名词、代词或句子；并且，这个被修饰的名词、代词或句子称为先行词，通常放在定语从句之前。状语从句在句子中作状语，修饰动词；通常不同的状语从句有不同的连词，位置较灵活，通常放在句首或句末，有时也放在句中。

以where为例来说明：

Let’ s have a short meeting where we met last time．

我们在上次见面的地方开个短会吧。

(Where we met last time是地点状语从句，在句中作地点状语，表示开会的地方) This is the place where we had a meeting last time．

这就是我们上次开会的地方。

(Where we had a meeting last time是定语从句，在句中作定语修饰the place)

【典型例题】

例1 There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science. （2013山东）

A. as

B. that

C. when

D. where

【答案】A解析

【解析】考查定语从句。此处as引导定语从句指代整个主句内容，含有“正如”之意，定语从句部分译为“在科学上这是常有的事”

在非限制性定语从句中，which和as引导定语从句时的区别

①用做关系代词，as和which都可以指代一个句子，which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。例如：

As we all know, he is good at math. He is good at math, as we all know. ②放在主句后，as和which均可，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。

He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (as指代一个句子，意为“正如”、“就像”) He has to work on Sunday, which he doesn’t like. (which指代一个句子，没有“正如”、“就像”的含义) 另外，注意as引导的非限定性定语从句与主语从句的区别：

As is known to all, he is good at maths.

(as为关系代词，代替整个主句) It is known to all that he is good at maths. (it为形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。) What is known to all is that he is good at maths (what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句). 变式训练：

1. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,

made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true. （2013安徽）

A. it

B. that

C. what

D. which 2. Ａlot of language learning,

has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.

（2012安徽）

A. as

B. it

C. which

D. this 3. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset. （2011北京卷）

A. who

B. which

C. what

D. that

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例2 He may win the competition, _____ he is likely to get into the national team.

(2013辽宁) A. in which case

B. in that case

C. in what case

D. in whose case 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。两分句间无连词，故排除B项（不能用作连词，in this/ that case用于并列句中）。此处which指代前面主句，做定语修饰case，in which case引导定语从句用语替代并列句中的in this/ that case。句意为：他可能赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话，他就可能进入国家队。

变式训练：

4. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. , ______many people have got home.

A. whose time

B. that

C. on which

D. by which time

例3 He wrote a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident.

(2013江西)

A. what

B. which

C. where

D. how 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先判断从句类型为定语从句，先行词为a letter, 代入从句为he explains what had happened in the accident in the letter. 做的是状语。

变式训练：

5. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.（2011江苏卷）

A. when

B. where

C. that

D. which

例4 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.

（2012浙江）

A. which

B. who

C. where

D. whom 【答案】B 【解析】此句为分隔式定语从句。解此类题的关键是找准定语从句的先行词，此题中先行词为Ellen，在从句中做主语，代入从句为Ellen had withdrawn from all human society. 变式训练：

6. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ____ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.

（2012江苏）

A. which

B. who

C. where

D. what

7. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. （2009江苏）

A. if

B. when

C. which

D. since

例5 The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected. （2013福建）

A. whose

B. that

C. who

D. which 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。其中those（people）作为先行词，定语从句中缺少lives的定语，故用whose。

变式训练：

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8. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ____ help I would never have got this far.（2012天津）

A. who

B. whose

C. whom

D. which 9. The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination. (2011全国卷I) A. that

B. which

C. whose

D. what

例6

English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently.

（2011浙江卷）

A. which

B. what

C. them

D. those 【答案】A 【解析】此句先行词为cultures，在定语从句中做介词of的宾语，each of the cultures uses it somewhat differently. 变式训练: 10. Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _________ she spoke fluently. (2011湖南卷) A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

例7 I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.（2009浙江）

A. which

B. where

C. how

D. why 【答案】B 变式训练：

11. The case is rare ______ a man can be cured of such a terrible disease.

A when

B where

C. how

D. that

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