Using LanguageⅡ优秀说课稿

阅读理解训练（环保类）

【母题来源一】【2019·北京卷，D】环保类

By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study. At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance. Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients. Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”

42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A. The various patterns at the ocean surface. B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour. C. The way light reflects off marine organisms. D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton. 43. What does the underlined word “vulnerable”

in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial C. Significant D. Unnoticeable 44. What can we learn from the passage?

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A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem. B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener. 45. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton 【母题来源二】

【2019·天津卷，C】环保类

How does an ecosystemwork？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？（生态系统）Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats. With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species---including species they did not directly attack. And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance. Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping

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point（临界点），it is remarkably difficult for them to return. 46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？

A. The living habits of species in food webs. B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems. D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs. 47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator______ A. has a wide food choice

C. sticks to one prey species

B. can easily find new prey D. can quickly move to another place 48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？

A. The prey species they directly attack will die out. B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged. D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes. 49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？

A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats. C. Species of commercial value dominate other species. D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable. 50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？

A. By getting illegal practices under control. B. By stopping us from killing large predators. C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal. D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action. 【母题来源三】

【2019·浙江卷，C】、

California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has

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fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪). Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 27. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California. 28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A. Ecological studies of forests.

B. Banning woodcutting. D. Fire control measures. C. Limiting housing development.

29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre? A. Inadequate snowmelt. C. A warmer climate. 30. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

4 B. A longer dry season. D. Dampness of the air.

【命题意图】

阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。

【考试方向】

"人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：

|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。

2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。

3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。

【得分要点】

1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破

归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？

（1）寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个话题（topic）；②有阐述控制性概念（controlling idea）偶尔也可在一段中间；③有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。

（2）寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。

应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。

（3）典型错误：①忽视文章的结构；②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；③忽视文章表意的倾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征词。

2.怎样正确推理判断

推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。

（1）数据推断题

解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。

（2）知识推断题

根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。

（3）逻辑结论推断题

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根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。

（4）对作者态度、倾向的推断题

作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。

【母题1】【湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三下学期模拟】

A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world’s biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by he British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf. Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68--which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission. “The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”

Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大胆的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”

There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the world’s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets

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in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows. 1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg? A. To study how the iceberg was formed. B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem. C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change. D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf. 2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?

A. The Larsen C ice shelf. B. Climate change in Antarctica. C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it. D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica. 3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text? A. It is as big as London. B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic. C. It will disappear in a very short time. D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica. 4. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica. B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate. C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change. D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.

【母题2】【四川省成都市2019届高三第三次诊断性检测】

Climate change is perhaps the key issue of our time. Often, however, it is presented to us as being so abstract that it seems impossibly distant. For those of you looking for something a little more concrete, a new report suggests that the effects of climate change may significantly affect coffee. The report, put out by The Climate Institute, describes the effects of climate change on various coffee-growing nations and the resultant effects on the plants and those who grow them. Coffee Arabica plants, which produce 70% of all commercial coffee, can be adversely affected by even a half-degree change in typical weather conditions. This sensitivity to temperature puts the plant at increased risk of the

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effects of climate change. In Central America the average temperature has risen by a full degree Celsius since 1960. In Ethiopia the average temperature has increased by l. 3 degrees. This increase is enough to have notable effects on the plants. In Tanzania the productivity per hectare of coffee has fallen by half since the 1960s due to changes in temperature. Indeed, studies claim that by 2050 the area of the world suitable for growing coffee will be cut by half. Coffee production is likely to then be pushed to higher elevations(海拔) to take advantage of lower temperatures, but this will not be enough to make up for lost lowland areas. Coffee is the second most traded goods by developing nations, and the inability of producer nations to export it could cause dramatic chain reactions in their economies. Millions of people make a living in the production, processing, transport, and sale of coffee; their livelihoods would stand to take a blow as growing areas decrease and prices rise. As the temperature keeps rising, your cup of coffee will become much more expensive, and it may also carry an aftertaste bitterer than usual, for all those workers in the coffee belt left without the means to make a living as conditions worsen. Not only that, but the economic effects will cost the West millions in increased foreign aid. 1. What does the underlined word "adversely " in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. slightly.

B. temporarily.

C. harmfully.

D. gradually. 2. Why will people have to grow coffee in highland areas? A. To adapt to the change of temperature. B. To increase the quality of the products. C. To reduce the cost of coffee production D. To get access to water supply more easily. 3. What conclusion can we draw from the last two paragraphs? A. The rich will get richer and the poor poorer B. Small changes may have large effects in general C. Developed countries ought to aid poor countries. D. Coffee trade will eventually disappear in the world. 4. How does the author feel about the future of coffee production? A. Cautious.

【母题3】【安徽师范大学附属中学2019届高三5月考前适应性检测

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8 B. Worried. C. Unconcerned. D. Hopeful.

Corals (珊瑚) are often described as undersea forests, but they are declining far more quickly than the Amazon. The coral reefs (礁) are likely to be among the first ecosystems to be wiped out by climate change. A temperature rise of just 1 to 2℃ can lead to the death of the algae (海藻) upon which corals depend, draining them of color and making the structure more fragile. These bleaching (脱色) events can be temporary if waters cool, but the more frequent they are and the longer they last, the greater the risk of damage is. But that’s exactly what is happening. Bleaching was first observed in 1983. It was seen on a global level in 1998, then 2010, and then from 2015 to 2017. Most available scientific evidence tells us that unless we do something to limit warming to 1.5℃, we will lose 99% of the world’s coral reefs in coming decades.

But there are other threats beyond warming. Off the Philippine island of Palawan, its old reefs have been badly damaged by dirty water from the tourist holiday center, pollution from boats and overfishing. The area ought to be a shelter because it’s one of the ocean regions most bearable to climate change. “Even here, we are losing our corals,” said David Obura, chair of the Global Specialist Group in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. “We need to reduce stress from overfishing, coastal development, pollution and tourism.”

“I’m a generation of scientists watching them disappear. It’s very depressing,” Obura said. “Above 1.5℃, in about 50 years, they will be a treasure of historic movies and pictures, but very little to see in real life. Children born today may be the last generation to see coral reefs in all their glory.”

1. How does the rising temperature affect corals? A. By damaging the algae. C. By cutting their food resources. B. By darkening their color. D. By changing their structures temporarily. 2. What happened after 2015 according to the text? A. Bleaching first became a global issue. B. The ocean’s temperature went up steadily.

C. We lost 99% of the world’s coral reefs.

D. World-wide coral bleaching lasted longer. 3. What factor that threatens corals is stressed in Paragraph 3? A. Illegal fishing. C. Ocean pollution. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Philippine’s coral reefs are under threat.

B. Experts’ great concern on global warming.

9 B. Climate change. D. Global warming.

C. Record our undersea forests before it is too late D. The next generation may never see the beauty of coral reefs

【母题4】【武汉第二中学2019届高三五月全仿真模拟】

Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins. People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles”, but people in

California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal (地热)plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something. In other words, those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal-burning cars. It’s just

because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc. A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won’t get you as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes or geothermal, or hydro or wind or solar, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources.

In addition, electric cars’ batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot. 1. What is the main idea of the text? A. Electric cars are far from being clean. B. Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones. C. People cast doubts on electric cars’ batteries.

D. Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle. 2. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run.

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A. no less than 25 miles B. as far as 50 miles C. less than 25 miles D. as far as 25 miles 3. According to the text, electric cars. A. are more environmentally friendly B. burn more fuel than gas-powered ones C. are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated D. are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill 4. It can be inferred from the text that. A. being green is good and should be encouraged in communication B. electric cars are the dominant vehicles compared with their gas-powered cousins C. zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment D. electric cars are not clean because we get electricity mainly by burning something

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