Using LanguageⅡ名师教学设计1

《3种常用英语构词法在高中英语教学资料中应用初探》

开远四中

雷东旗

摘要：语言学家把专门研究英语单词词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学,通常简称为构词法。

英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。本文主要探讨的是合成法,转化法,派生法3种常用英语构词法对提高学生词汇记忆效率实践研究。英语单词并不是由一些字母随便堆砌构成的，而是由一个个有意义的词根、前缀、后缀组成的。我们记住这些词素不但有助于推断一些生词的意思，还符合记忆规律，记忆单词的速度和效率会大大提高。在英语课堂教学中，让学生首先了解并掌握3种常用的构词法,然后再在英语上、下文语境中运用构词法知识帮助学生在学习中运用它来分析词的构成及来源,记忆、掌握并运用这些单词,这样可以使学生学习事半功倍,收到良好的效果。

关键词：构词法-合成法-转化法-派生法-语境-应用

一3种常用英语构词法概念及示例

1.合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。如：

1)合成名词

构成方式例词

名词＋名词weekend周末

名词＋动词daybreak黎明

名词＋动名词handwriting书法

名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]

名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑

代词＋名词she-wolf母狼

动词＋名词typewriter打字机

动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室

现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼

形容词＋名词gentleman绅士

副词＋动词outbreak爆发

介词＋名词afternoon下午

2)合成形容词

名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的

名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的

名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的

名词＋过去分词man-made人造的

数词＋名词one-way单行的

数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的

数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的

动词＋副词see-through透明的

形容词＋名词high-class高级的

形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的

形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的

形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的

副词＋形容词ever-green常青的

副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的

副词＋过去分词well-known著名的

副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的

介词＋名词downhill下坡的

3)合成动词

名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游

形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷

副词＋动词overthrow推翻

4)合成副词

形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地

形容词＋副词everywhere到处

副词＋副词however尽管如此

介词＋名词beforehand事先

介词＋副词forever永远

5)合成代词

代词宾格＋self herself她自己

物主代词＋self myself我自己

形容词＋名词anything任何东西

6)合成介词

副词＋名词inside在……里面

介词＋副词within在……之内

副词＋介词into进入

2.转化法：一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种或几种词性。如：

有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。

1)动词转化为名词

很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。例如：

①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

2)名词转化为动词

很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：

①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

3)形容词转化为动词

有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

4)副词转化为动词

有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：

Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

5)形容词转化为名词

表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：

You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

2.派生法：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。如：

在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

1)前缀

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear出现→disappear消失

correct正确的→incorrect不正确的

lead带领→mislead领错

stop停下→non-stop不停

(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：

alone单独的antigas防毒气的

autochart自动图表

cooperate合作enjoy使高兴

internet互联网reuse再用

subway地铁telephone电话

2)后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，

-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：

differ不同于→difference区别

write写→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员

mouth一口→mouthful一口

music音乐→musician音乐家

(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：

wide→widen加宽

beauty→beautify美化

pure→purify提纯

real→realize意识到

organ→organize组织

(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：

nature自然→natural自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的

China中国→Chinese中国人的

gold金子→golden金的

east东→eastern东方的

child孩子→childish孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的

(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝……，向……

east东方→eastward向东

(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：ww.zxxk.com

six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

二

应用3种常用英语构词法组合规律增加高中学生在英语语境中词汇记忆效率示例

1 Inside(in+side合成) China Daily China, Japan ink(名转动) fishery(fish+ery派生) agreement(agree+ment派生)

The New China-Japan Fishery Agreement will be put into effect starting June this year. Chinese vice-minister(vice+minister合成) of agriculture, Qi Jingfa told a press conference yesterday in Beijing.

-Page 2

Offshore(off+shore合成) funeral(葬礼) The remains of more than 500 dead will be scattered at sea this spring near the mouth of Yangtze River in Shanghai. To save space Shanghai officials discouraged(dis+courage+d派生) land burials.

–Page 3 The only wise choice Co-operation(co+operation派生) with the mainland(main+land合成) for a peaceful(peace+ful派生) reunification

(统一)(re+unification派生) should be the only wise choice for the newly(new+ly派生) elected Taiwan leader.

-Page 4

The Art Market

Interest in activities such as fairs, galleries and exhibitions(exhibit+ion+s派生) has caused the art market to take shape in China.

-Page 9

Two sides of a story

The government’s(govern+ment派生) efforts to cut the homework(home+work合成) burden of primary and middle school students have drawn mixed reactions(react+ion+s派生).

-Page 10

Blind, but not out. Yang Jia, an English professor at the Chinese Academy of Science meets the challenges brought by the sudden loss of her eyesight(eye+sight合成) and continues to make it in her work.

-Page 11 2 To son, Cecil,

Just a quick note before I start in earnest(earn+est派生). When I wrote this, you were 8, still a little boy. In 2002, I was called to active duty in the Marine Corps in the war on Terrorism (恐怖主义)(terror+ism派生). On the 11th of September 2001 when America was attacked, I knew that I would eventually(最终)(eventual+ly派生) have to go and I was filled with a deep sense of sadness(sad+ness派生). That night as you and Keiko were asleep(a+sleep派生), I looked at your little faces and couldn’t help but fight the tears. I knew it would be hard for you because I had a similar experience. When I was a little boy aged 6, my dad, your Grandpa(grand+pa合成) Cawley, was sent to Vietnam during the war there. I remember how much I missed him, too. But now unfortunately(un+fortunate+ly派生) I have come to realize just how difficult it must have been for Grandpa to be away from his children(child+ren派生) for a year. Thinking about this, I wanted to put my thoughts and feelings down for you and your sister. I am so sorry that I had to leave for such a long time. There is no place I would rather be than with you and Keiko. You two are the lights of my life. I have known no greater joy than in the few years since you two were born. I hope to have many more years with you. If this doesn’t happen, then know that I love you more than words can express. If for some reason I don’t make it home, I will need you to take care of your little sister and your Mom. You will be the man of the Cawley family. Be good my son and God will watch over you as he has me. I will be waiting impatiently(im+patient+ly派生) for the time when we can all be together again. 3

Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely(strange+ly派生) enough，the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent（程度）our intelligence is given to us at birth，and special education(educate+ion派生) can never make a genius(天才) out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied(vary+ed派生) surroundings(surround+ing+s派生). Thus the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.

It is easy to say that intelligence is to some extent something(some+thing) we are born with. The closer the blood relationship(relation+ship合成) between two people, the closer they are likely(like+ly派生) to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated(un+relate+d派生) people at random from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely(complete+ly) different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins, they

will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations(relate+ion+s派生) like brothers and sisters，parents and children，usually(usual+ly派生) have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.

Imagine that now we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring.

We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion(conclude+sion派生) is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

4 Perhaps you have heard a lot about the Internet(inter+net合成), but what is it, do you know? The Internet is a network(net+work合成). It uses the telephone(tele+phone合成) to join millions of computers together around the world. Maybe(may+be合成) that doesn’t sound very interesting. But when you’re joined to the Internet, there are lots and lots of things you can do. You can send E-mails to your friends, and they can get them in a few seconds. You can also do with all kinds of information(inform+ation派生) on the World Wide Web (www). There are many different kinds of computers now. They all can be joined to the Internet. Most of them are small machines sitting on people’s desks at home, but there are still many others in schools, offices or large companies. These computers are owned by people and companies, but no one really owns the Internet itself(it+self合成). There are lots of places for you to go into the Internet. For example, your school may have the Internet. You can use it during lessons or free time. Libraries often have computers joined to the Internet. You are welcome to use it at any time. Thanks to the Internet, the world is becoming smaller and smaller. It is possible for you to work at home with a computer in front, getting and sending the information you need. You can buy or sell whatever you want on the Internet. But do you know 98% of the information on the Internet is in English? So what will

English be like tomorrow? 5 We spend lots of our lives in the school, getting knowledge(know+ledge派生), developing ourselves and growing up. It is so important that the school provides a pleasant environment. So all the students must do the following: In the Classrooms(class+room+s合成) All classes must have a duty book. Classrooms must be clean and tidy. Waste paper baskets should be emptied（形转动）

before the first lesson every morning. All students are to make sure that the classrooms stay clean and tidy all the day. The class cabinets(箱) are strictly for keeping things for the class. No personal(person+al派生) things are kept in the class cabinets. Each class is to provide their own batteries(电池) for the clock in the classroom. Class Signs Class signs are put up for your teachers and your parents to easily find you. So please take good care of them. School Toilets For good hygiene(卫生) and convenience of all, please keep our toilets dry and clean. Always clean them with water after use(动转名) and wash your hands after that. Do not waste paper. The school can only provide paper in a month. Please use the school toilets as you use the toilet in your own home. 6 A young woman was driving through the lonely(lone+ly派生) countryside(country+side合

成). It was dark and rainy(rain+y派生). Suddenly(sudden+ly派生) she saw an old woman by the side of the road，holding up her hand as if she wanted a lift(动转名). “I can’t leave her in this weather,” she asked. The old woman nodded(点头)and climbed into the car. After a while, she said to the old woman. “Have you been waiting a long time?” The old woman shook her head. “Strange”, thought the woman. She tried again, “Bad weather for the time of the year,” she said. The old woman nodded again.

Then the young woman noticed the old woman’s hands, which were large and hairy(hair+y派生). Suddenly she realized that “she” was a man! She stopped the car, “I can’t see out of the rear screen(后挡风玻璃) ,” she said .“Would you mind cleaning it for me?”

The old woman nodded and opened the door. As soon as “she” was out of the car, the frightened(fright+en+ed派生) young woman drove off as fast as she could. When she got to the next village, she stopped. She noticed the old woman had left “her” handbag(hand+bag合成) behind. She picked it up and opened it. Inside(in+side合成) was a gun. 7 Ten years ago I used to be very fit. I rode a bike to work and I got a lot of exercise at weekends(week+end+s合成). I used to play tennis a lot and go for long walks(动转名). In those days I didn’t earn very much. I had a job in an office. It wasn’t a very good job but I had a lot of time to do the things I enjoyed doing.

Then, about eight years ago, I got a much better job. The pay(动转名) was better, but the hours were a lot longer. I bought a car and drove to work every day. I began to take people out to lunch. And I began to put on weight(weigh+t派生), too. I stopped playing tennis and going for long walks at weekends because I just didn’t have any time for things like that any more.

There’s a lot of stress in my job. Perhaps that’s why I started drinking more than I used to. For example, I used to have only half a glass of whisky when I got home, but then I started filling my glass to the top, and instead of having one glass, I would have several. I started smoking a lot, too. I never used to smoke at all.

Two months ago I had a heart attack. At first I just couldn’t believe it. Luckily(lucky+ly派生) it wasn’t very serious. The doctor advised me to stop smoking and to eat less. He also advised me to work less and get more exercise. But I just haven’t any time! My job takes everything(every+thing合成) out of me!

Sometimes(some+time+s合成) I wonder if I should get another job. Perhaps I could do something(some+thing)(合成) as I used to. But if I do that, I won’t earn as much. I have a family to support. I have to think of them, too. I just don’t know what I should do. What do you think?

8

Few of us haven’t read Cinderella, the story of a young woman living in poverty who meets the prince of her dreams. Some might not want to admit it, but there is a hidden Cinderella in everyone’s(every+one合成) heart—we all wish we could achieve recognition(recognize+tion派生) or success after a period of obscurity(默默无闻).Mary Santiago has that secret dream, too. Her story is featured in Another Cinderella Story, a film set in a US high school.

Mary is shy but loves to dance. Compared with other girls, she is invisible(in+visible派生). However(how+ever合成), her world changes completely when a famous teenager pop singer, Joey Parker, appears. Joey is everything the rest of the boys in her class are not—kind, handsome(hand+some合成) and desirable(desire+able派生). Mary and Joey’s paths cross at a ball. They meet and fall in love with each other. But when Mary has to rush back home, she leaves behind her MP3 player, which becomes the only clue Joey has to find the girl of his dreams. Of course, there is a wicked(邪恶的) stepmother(step+mother合成), who turns out to be Dominique Blatt and she takes in Mary after her dancer mother dies. Dominique treats Mary like a maid and does everything she can to make sure Mary doesn’t get into the top dance school. Her two daughters are equally(equal+ly派生) determined to stop Joey falling for Mary, even if that means embarrassing her. The story, though it mostly follows Cinderella, does add a few modern day twists(动转名) to the classic fairy tale. Refreshingly(re+fresh+ing+ly派生), the film, unlike(un+like派生) many high school films, does not focus on looks(动转名), although the actors are all beautiful. There is also a lot less materialism(material+ism派生) in Another Cinderella Story than in many similar movies. “The movie takes the Cinderella fairytale(fairy+tale合成) as its jumping off point,” writes movie critic Amber Wilkinson, “The focus is firmly on following your dream.”

9 Mistakes are a part of life. To err is human. Failure(fail+ure派生) is also a part of life, not the end of life. Be happy facing life’s challenges. When you make the effort to be happy and to improve your life, you are actually rewarded along the way.

Life is like a game and maybe you can award points for every effort that has been a success for you. Try it. Add ten points for every achievement(achieve+ment派生). And when you have reached 50 points, just yell, “Hey, I’ve won!” and give yourself(your+self合成) a reward. If you

happen to have missed your points for whatever(what+ever合成) reason, tell yourself, “Well, I tried!” which is better than not trying at all. Don’t let it be said you didn’t try.

What is it that you want to make yourself happy? Actually happiness(happy+ness派生) means different things to different people. For example, an athlete will be happy winning his first race. For a new mother happiness would be seeing her baby’s first steps. Happiness for a poor person would mean having a meal just for today. So happiness for you is really something simple that you want for yourself.

It really doesn’t have to be big. As a matter of fact, you should be always realistic(现实的). Make the best out of every given situation. If you expect a certain result from a situation and it does not happen, don’t get despondent. This just means trying harder next time. We all have in us the power to succeed. Don’t let “give up” be a part of your vocabulary. 10 This is the SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, I’m Barbara Klein.

Animal experts say one of the world’s most beautiful and rare kinds of big cat is close to disappearing(dis+appear+ing派生) from the wild. A study(动转名) earlier this year found that about thirty Amur leopards(豹) still live free. The cats are also called Far Eastern(east+ern派生) leopards.

Recently, their numbers have been reduced by one. Some person shot a female Amur, then beat her to death. The animal’s body was discovered(dis+cover+ed派生) last month in the Barsovy National(nation+al派生) Wildlife(wild+life合成) Refuge in eastern Russia.

An official of the World Wildlife Fund, Darron, said this was the third such killing in the area in the past fives years. Mr. Collins said the death of even one adult female(fe+male派生) is a huge loss for the endangered(en+danger+ed派生) cat. He noted that the killing reduces the possibility for cubs(幼兽) or young(形转名).

It is not clear how many Amur leopards still live free. One population count was performed in February and March. Wildlife expert Dmitry Pikuuov led this study. It found evidence of seven to nine males. The study identified(确定) three to seven females without cubs. Four leopards were identified as females with cubs. In all, five or six cubs were recorded. Six to eight animals could not be identified.

Most of the land where the Amur leopard once lived was in China. New roads and climate change there threatened(威胁)(threat+en+ed派生) the animals. So did hunters who kill big cats for their body parts.

Mr. Pikuuov says adult Amurs need about five hundred square kilometers(kilo+meter+s合成) with good forests to survive. He said they also need a large and continuing supply of animals like

deer for food. He believes the answer to saving the Amur leopard is for governments to provide protected spaces for wildlife.

11 Christmas is often a day spent with family, but it’s easy to get a bit impatient(im+patient派生) if you’re forced to spend the entire day at home. Unfortunately(un+fortunate+ly派生), there’s not much to do on Christmas Day when most businesses are closed. If you’re tired of going out for Chinese food or heading(名转动) to the movies, here are a few other choices for you on Christmas Day. 1. John Deere World Headquarters (总部)(head+quarter+s合成) If you find yourself in Moline, Illinois, and want to know about antique (古老的) farm equipment(equip+ment派生) on Christmas Day, come to the show room of the John Deere World Headquarters. It’s open until 5 p.m., and you can have a look at antiques as well as the company’s latest offerings. 2. The Bunny Museum The self-described(self+describe+d合成) “Happiest place in the world” is open on Christmas Day in Toronto, Canada. Candace Frazee and Steve Lubanski host(名转动) the rabbit-themed (以兔子为主题的)(rabbit+theme+d合成) museum in their home, and it’s full of their real rabbit pets and tons of rabbit-themed things. If you decide to visit here, note their gift-receiving(gift+receive+ing合成) policy: “Candace & Steve do accept bunny gifts. (And flowers, vegetables, postage stamps!) PLEASE DO NOT BRING THEM A REAL BUNNY FOR A GIFT!”

3. Branson, Missouri

We don’t want to get anyone too excited, but according to the entertainment boomtown’s(boom+town合成) website(web+site合成), “Most of Branson’s major attractions(attract+ion+s派生) will be open during the Christmas season.” We know what you’re thinking, and yes, that includes the Hollywood Wax Museum. 4. Prince Phillip Island Do you like penguins? Then boy, Australia does have an attraction for you. The Phillip Island Nature Park is not only open on Christmas Day, but has a penguin parade every night at sunset(sun+set合成).

12 Life in an American high school is an interesting and exciting learning experience. High school in America is not just a place for studying some subjects. It is also an important social centre, where students can develop other interests and talents. The high school course is divided into four years. School usually starts at about 8:00 am, and ends at about 3 pm. There’s no class on Saturday.

Students have lunch at the school cafeteria (食堂), where they can choose from a variety of good things to eat and drink. After lunch they can play sports, talk to friends or simply relax. The lunch break lasts about an hour. When the school day ends, some students go home, but many still stay at school for after-school(after+school合成) activities. There are many activities to take part in and clubs to join. With the headmaster’s agreement(agree+ment派生), students can start any kind of club that is educational(education+al派生) and fun! American high school students like to be “popular”. This means being a good student, being

active in the community (社区) and being well-liked(well+like+d合成) by others. Popular students are elected to take part in Student Union. Every year in June there are prizes for the best athletes. Most American high school students have a part-time(part+time合成) job during the school year and a full-time(full+time合成) job during the summer. Parents encourage(en+courage派生) their children(child+ren派生) to work because it’s part of growing up and becoming responsible and independent(in+dependent合成). Most high schools have a job list to help students find work. Teenagers(teen+ager+s合成) are fond of their jobs! 13 Sarah and Mariam looked at the glass fragments(frag+ment+s派生) on the floor in panic (恐慌). They could not believe what had just happened. Mariam was Sarah’s best friend. They had spent the entire day drawing and painting. Sarah’s mother had gone to the market to buy some goodies(good+y+es派生) and the two friends were alone at home. Sarah decided to show her friend a very expensive vase that her father had gifted her mother on their wedding anniversary (结婚纪念日). She took her friend to the drawing room and carefully removed the vase. She knew it was not allowed by her mother but she wanted to show off a bit. Mariam looked at the vase with wonder. When she was giving back the vase to Sarah, a disaster happened. The vase slipped between their fingers and fell on the floor with a crash(动转名). “Oh no!” cried Sarah in panic. “What shall I do now? Mother will be so angry.” Mariam felt equally guilty (有罪的)(guilt+y派生). “I know! Let us sweep up the pieces and hide them. Mother will not know that I have broken it.”

“But she will ask when she sees it missing. What will we say then?” Mariam asked. “I think the best thing would be to own up (承担责任).”

Sarah took a deep breath(动转名). “You are right.”

When Sarah’s mother came back, Sarah and Mariam poured out their tale. At first, her mother looked angry. Then she saw how unhappy(un+happy派生) and guilty they both looked. She hugged them both tightly. “I am so glad you were brave enough to own up, Sarah. I am very upset(up+set合成) about the vase but I am happy you are both such truthful(truth+ful派生) girls.”

“It was Mariam’s idea that we should own up, Mother,” Sarah added honestly. The girls laughed. They felt as if a huge load(动转名) had been taken off their shoulders. 14 People who like travelling have their reasons. They believe that travelling can help them expand their fields of view, especially in the geographical(geography+cal派生) and historical(history+cal派生) sense. They also think that touring will give them more chances to enjoy different kinds of food and experience(名转动) new things that would never be brought by other activities. But those who dislike(dis+like) travelling also have some reasons. Through history, most people travelled because of necessity (必要性) —

not for pleasure(please+ure派生). People travelled just in order to remain alive(a+live派生). They searched for food to eat or places to live in. They sometimes ran away from enemies. However(how+ever合成), this is not to say that no one ever travelled just for the fun of it. In ancient times, for example, rich Romans travelled all the way to Greece to take part in the

Olympic Games, and festivals. Of course, some people decided to travel just out of curiosity (好奇心). They wanted to find out what looked like beyond the horizon (地平线). Also business(busy+ness派生) travel has been going on for centuries. Traders could not only make money but also learn to speak several languages and be introduced to different cultures. So, travelling does enrich(en+rich派生) our mind and draw new ideas to us. There is no doubt that we can get much from it. 15

One of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness(will+ing+ness派生) to admit one's mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes(some+time+s合成) to say a simple thing like “I was wrong about that，”and it is even harder to say，“I was wrong, and you were right about that.”

I had an experience recently with someone(some+one合成) admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood(neighbor+hood合成) where I grew up，and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons (箱子).Then he related（提到）

an incident and I began to remember clearly the incident he was describing. I was about eight years old at the time，and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly(week+ly派生) grocery shopping. On that day，I must have found my way to the dairy (乳品的) food department(depart+ment派生) where the incident took place. There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive(impress+ive派生) display(dis+play派生) of eggs in dozen and half-dozen(half+dozen合成) cartons. The cartons were stacked(堆放) three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reason，I decided it was up to me to put the display back together，so I went to work. The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared，I was on my knees examining some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken，but to him it looked as though I was the criminal（罪犯）.He severely scolded（责骂）

me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested(抗议)my innocence and tried to explain，but it did no good(形转名)). Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident，obviously(obvious+ly派生) the manager did not. 16 When a close friend dies, it often forces you to consider your own death. The more you have in common with the friend, the more his death will make you wonder about your own(形转名). Sometimes you will naturally say to yourself(your+self合成), “It could just as easily have been me.” Such a death has a way of reminding us how fragile（脆弱的）life is, and it may cause you to reassess(重新评价)(re+assess派生) the direction(direct+ion派生) of your own life.

Jack’s story is a good example. A successful businessman(business+man合成) making a lot of money, Jack didn’t spend as much time with his family as he wanted. His job required him to work long hours. But three years ago one of his best friends, a man who worked in the same office, had a heart attack. He died while celebrating his daughter’s eighteenth(eighteen+th派生) birthday(birth+day合成) in a restaurant. He was only fifty years old.

Not long after his friend’s death, Jack started to have a chest pain. Finally he had a good physical check-up(check+up合成). He received a clean bill of health. But the chest pain continued.

He kept thinking of the death of his friend. Jack thought about how much his friend missed in life and he saw how hard it was for his friend’s family to manage after he passed away.

Jack realized that he didn’t want to end up his life that way. He talked his feelings over with his wife and children, and decided to change his way of life. The family moved to a small town where he started a simple life. Now he is running a small art gallery(画廊). He is relaxed, and says he has never been so happy in his life. And he has got no more chest pain. 17 Sometimes people give us nicknames（外号(nick+name+s合成) in order to be mean or make fun of us，which can really hurt. Four Eyes. Metal Mouth. Dumbo. Slow Poke. Crater Face. We've all heard kids calling nasty nicknames like these. Maybe(may+be合成) you've even used similar nicknames on other kids，or been stuck with one yourself. A playground(play+ground合成) bruise or cut usually disappears(dis+appear+s派生) after a couple of days，but the pain and the anger coming from being called a cruel nickname can last a lot longer than that. If you've ever picked on another kid by making up or using a tease(动转形) nickname，or if you've ever been on the receiving end of one，you know that names like Fatso，Smelly and Short Stuff can be very hurtful(hurt+ful派生). Plus，they have a habit of sticking to us like glue（胶水）！

People use negative(消极的) nicknames as a way of keeping someone out of a group，of gaining power over someone，or of making themselves(them+self+s合成) feel more important. You may know a kid in your class who always comes up with nicknames for the other kids. This student likes to feel cool by acting like the “official nicknamer ”. This can give a student a feeling of power，but that power comes at the cost of making other kids feel bad. Kids who give others hurtful nicknames are often trying to cover up the fact that they really feel bad about themselves. Like other kinds of insults (污辱)，a cruel nickname can be used to make a kid feel being left out or angry. Sometimes they're even nastier than most ways of being mean(动转形)，because they can be so hard to shake off. 18

I went shopping(shop+ing派生) for a dress to wear to my daughter’s high school graduation(graduate+ion派生) half a year ago. To my horror, I could only fit into a size 20.

Being overweight(over+weight合成) most of my adult life, I always had very little self-confidence(self+confidence合成). Wearing a dress I didn’t like to such an important event was enough to make me look for help. Thankfully(thank+ful+ly派生), a friend of mine was attending Weight Watchers meetings, and I noticed her great progress. Her success inspired me to give it a try(动转名). I joined Weight Watchers, attended their meetings and started following their Weight-Loss(weight+loss合成) System.

I focused on the plan with determination(determine+tion派生) and never missed a weekly meeting! I discovered(dis+cover+ed派生) that I enjoyed the benefits of having the help and support of others. I also read the weekly online(on+line合成) e-newsletter(e+news+letter合成) and was inspired by the stories, recipes and information(inform+ation派生) offered there, I also read magazines produced by Weight Watchers, which have great tips and new ideas in each issue.

It’s hard for me to even remember the person I was before my amazing change. I didn’t walk anywhere(any+where合成) and couldn’t wash my car or walk my dog. Today I do these simple tasks without(with+out合成) even thinking about them. But the change didn’t happen

overnight(over+night合成). I had to exercise with patience and perseverance(坚持)(persever+ance派生). I decided to take it one day at a time and stick with if for good.

The “new me”is more

self-confident(self+confident合成) and healthier. I love how I feel now. I have more energy and feel like I’m 25 again. So why not give Weight Watchers a try if you have the some overweight problems? 19 Christmas comes with its share of joys and celebrations(celebrate+ion+s派生) but is also comes with its share of headaches(head+ache+s合成). One of the biggest problems that creates stress for people during the Christmas season is the shopping. There are some simple things that people can do to help make their holiday season more peaceful(peace+ful派生). Shopping online

Online(on+line合成) shopping has become one of the easiest and most effective(effect+ive派生) means of doing Christmas shopping. Be sure to check the various prices of gift items. Search for special promo codes(优惠代码). These are usually only online specials(形转名) that act much like coupons (优惠券). There are almost always special promo codes that will reduce shipping payment(pay+ment派生) or give a percentage(percent+age合成) discount(dis+count派生).

Begin the shopping early

Begin the process of Christmas shopping early. The longer the shopping process is given, the less stress that it creates. Make time to go before the last minute Christmas rush(动转名). Last minute shopping often causes a great deal of frustration(frustrate+ion派生) and difficulty(difficult+y派生). Last minute shopping often takes more time because there are fewer items left and it is difficult for you to make a choice. Keep away from the crowds

There are times when people are not regularly(regular+ly派生) shopping that can open up opportunities for more stress-free(stress+free合成) shopping. Busier times mean larger crowds to fight, longer lines for checking out and more waiting in general. Many shops are extending their hours and making it easier to shop with fewer crowds. Shopping at less crowded times makes the whole shopping experience much easier. Christmas shopping does not have to be the nightmare(night+mare合成) that many people dread(害怕). Instead, Christmas shopping can be an enjoyable(enjoy+able派生) experience. Take the time to plan out the shopping, avoid crowds and slow(形转动) down to enjoy the experience. 20 Having to write by hand can be boring. Technology has changed the way most people communicate－even how they think!

But before the Internet(inter+net合成) and texting came along, schoolkids(school+kid+s合成) always learned how to write in cursive(连笔字). It was a skill considered basic for expressing oneself(one+self合成)—and for understanding documents (文献) from the past.

Today, electronic communications(communicate+ion+s派生) are leading to the disappearance(dis+appear+ance派生) of cursive writing —

in school and in the workplace(work+place合成). Does that matter? YES. Cursive writing still rules! No matter how common computers are. Sometimes you still need to write by hand. Cursive is faster than printing. Lauren Hampson,11,think it looks nicer too.

Ben Anderson, 13, is from Plymouth, Massachusetts. With cursive, the

seventh-grader(seven+th+grade+r合成) says,“People will be able to sign their names, which is hard for others to forge(伪造).”Cursive can be just plain fun. That’s why computers have lots of fancy cursive characters for people to choose from. “Cursive is the art of writing.”says Rebecca Sarfati , 14, an eighth-grader(eight+th+grade+r合成) from Virginia.

However, some people hold different views. They think people write to communicate. As long as your paper or note is clear enough to be read easily, it doesn’t really matter whether it’s printed or in cursive. Writing by hand is less and less necessary these days, anyway(any+way合成). In the future, “Kids will be using keyboards(key+board+s合成) for almost everything they need to do,” says Joyce Gerber.

As for learning cursive in school, who has the time? One of Gerber’s students says, “There are too many other things we need to spend time on in the brief classroom(class+room合成) hours we have.”

What about being able to read historic documents? That doesn’t worry Prathm Juneja, 12, a seventh-grader from New Jersey. “It won’t be hard, ”he says. “Teachers will most likely(like+ly派生) retype(re+type派生) those kinds of documents.”Besides, you can always find important ones in print-online(print+on+line合成) or in books. 21

More than half of Americans(america+n+s派生) do not take all their vacation days, even though they think they need on more holidays. And nearly(near+ly派生) a third of workers who take a break(动转名) check their-mails(their+mail+s合成) from the boss every other day and some even keep in touch hourly(hour+ly派生).

“We’re ‘workaholics（工作狂）’，”said Samuel Nah-mias. “From a general perspective, this has a lot to do with the economic situation in the US. More and more people are unemployed(un+employ+ed派生).”

With jobless(job+less派生) numbers reaching 9.6 percent, people who have jobs seem to be unwilling(un+will+ing派生) to take time off.“It is not a great picture and that affects vacations. People are not going on vacation as much and those who are going on vacation are being more selective(select+ive) about where they are going.”Nahmias explained.

Unlike(un+like派生) European(europe+an派生) countries where four or more weeks of holiday each year is normal, 27 percent of people questioned in the poll said they had 6 to 10 days of annual leave and 20 percent has less than 3 days. With more people on unemployment(un+employ+ment派生) lists in America, those still with jobs are facing more responsibility(responsible+ity派生) at work, which is reflected in their lack of time off.

The majority(major+ity派生) of workers who did not take time off mentioned too many responsibilities or stress at work, while some people said they simply did not have time to plan(名转动) a holiday. “People are more conscious of what they are doing and when they are going on vacation because they don’t want to look bad in this situation,” Nahmias explained.

Technology is also playing a part with smartphones(smart+phone+s合成) enabling(en+able+ing派生) workers to keep in contact(动转名) in ways that were not possible before. It has to do with technology and the level of concern about what is going on in the office.

综上所述，在随意选取的21篇高中英语教学资料中，3种常用英语构词法在高中英语教学资料中的应用是非常广泛的。通过对上述英语资料所作构词法提高学生词法记忆效率实践研究说明，英语单词并不是由一些字母随便堆砌的，而是由一个个有意义的词根、前缀、

后缀组成的。我们记住这些词素不但有助于推断一些生词的意思，还符合记忆规律，记忆单词的速度和效率会大大提高。在英语课堂教学中，让学生首先了解并掌握3种常用的构词法,然后再在英语上、下文语境中运用构词法知识帮助学生在学习中运用它来分析词的构成及来源,记忆、掌握并运用这些单词,这样可以使学生学习事半功倍,收到良好的效果。用这种方式让学生学会自己总结归纳,既学习了新的生词，同时又复习了许多已经学过的单词。一旦学生对这些归纳记忆方法充满了兴趣，学起单词和运用起来也就容易的多。而且利用这3种常用英语构词法在上、下文语境中记忆单词，既避免了学习单词和复习单词的枯燥乏味，还会取得良好的英语单词记忆效果,同时也为学生学习节省了很多时间，而且也为学生们下一步活学活用单词创设语境造句打下了很好的基础。此外，构词法在提高学生的阅读理解能力方面也是有帮助的，因为通过构词法扩大了学生的词汇记忆量，从而提高学生对英语文章的理解能力。因此，学生的阅读速度就会大大提高，阅读的技巧和知识面也就随之增加了。我们大家都知道，词汇的掌握在英语学习中是很重要的，而更好、更快地记忆和掌握单词是更加重要的。运用构词法的知识可以使我们的学生可以缩短学习记忆单词的时间和提高记忆效率。同时，学生也会学的轻松自如，掌握的也会更加牢固。当然了，构词法对已学单词的复习和巩固也是一种很好的方法。

参考书目：

英语词汇学引论

林承璋

编著

1987年

武汉大学出版

How to teach English

written by Jeremy Harmer 2008年

外语教学与研究出版社