Learning about Language教学设计第一课时

动词-ing 形式做主语和宾语

一．动词的-ing形式在句中可做主语和宾语。形式如下：

一般式主动语态:doing 一般式被动语态：being done 完成式主动语态: having done 1. v-ing做主语: 表示抽象的概念，泛指经常性、习惯性的动作；谓语动词通常用单数。

to do 做主语: 表示具体的,一次性的动作。

9).

Since then, _______ to grow more rice has been his life goal.

从那时起，找到水稻高产的方法就成为他一生的目标。

10). ______________ on himself or _________ a comfortable life 完成式被动语态: having been done also means very little to him. 在自己身上花钱或者享受舒适的生活1). ________ (learn) English well is very important to all of us. 对袁博士来说意义不大。

2).He was praised for _____________ (save) a boy’s life.

3).我们不应该因为穷而叫苦连天---许多人的家境更糟。 We shouldn’t complain about ____________ ---many families are much worse off. 4). _______________(finish) the task ahead of time gave him a chance to join us. 5). I’m sorry for __________________ (not, keep) my promise. 二．

动词-ing的否定形式

在doing前加not, 即 not doing, not being done, not having dong, not having been done 6).You have no excuse for __________. 你没有不去的理由。

7). He was punished for ______________.他因未完成作业而受到惩罚

8). we should do something to prevent the river from _____________ (pollute). 三. 动词-ing形式做主语

11).____________________ (play with fire玩火) is dangerous. 12).Be careful! ____________________ (玩火) is dangerous. 13)._____ (说谎) is wrong. 14)._______________ (对她说谎) is wrong. 2. v-ing做主语时，如果其结构较长，可用形式主语it, 而将做主语的v-ing后置。此类句型有：

It+ be + a waste of time + doing… 做…是浪费时间

It is no use/useless /not any use /of little use + doing sth 做…是没有用的

It is no good /not any good /of little good + doing sth 做…是没有好处的

It’s worthwhile + to do/doing sth It is no pleasure doing sth做某事是没有乐趣的

It’s fun doing sth.做某事很有趣

15). It’s no use ________ (argue) about it.

1

16). 这个地方值得参观. It

is

worthwhile

_________________.

17). It is a waste of time _____________ (talk about) such useless things. 11).It is no pleasure ________ (see) the film any longer. 3. v-ing形式用于“There be no doing …”

结构中，此类句型有：

There is no sense / no point (in) doing … 做…没道理/ There is no use doing … 干…没用的/ There is no pleasure doing sth 做…没有乐趣

18). There is no sense ________ (get) upset about it now. 19). There's no point ____________ (worry about) it. 20).There is no point in _____________ (persuade) him any longer. He won’t change his mind 四. V-ing形式做宾语

1.后接-ing形式做宾语的动词

避免错过少延期

（avoid, miss, postpone）

建议完成多练习

（advise, finish, practise）

喜欢想象禁不住 (enjoy， imagine， can’t help doing) 承认否定与嫉妒 (admit, deny，envy) 避免冒险莫原谅 (escape, risk, excuse) 忍受保持不介意 (stand, keep, mind) admit (承认做过的某事admit doing = admit having done ), appreciate(欣赏,感激), consider(考虑), suggest, permit, allow, forbid (禁止)

2 21).Mary is considering _____(change) her job.玛丽正在考虑换工作。

22).Xiao Wu suggests _______(spend) the evening with the workers. 小吴提议今晚和工人们一起过。

23).He admitted _________ (make) a serious mistake. 他承认犯了一个严重错误。

24). Can you imagine _________ (live) alone on a wild island? 你能想象单独生活在一个荒凉野岛上是什么样子吗？

25). These many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid __________ (damage) the environment or people's health. 这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康。

26). We

don’t

permit

________(smoke)

in

the

office. 27). The boy was lucky to escape ________________(punish). 2．在下面的短语中，动名词常用作介词的宾语，如：look forward to, give up, depend on, succeed in, dream of / about, think of devote oneself / one’s life / time / money / energy to (doing) sth, refer to(参考,提及,指的是), belong to(属于) object to(反对), pay attention to, get down to(开始认真地做某事), settle down to(开始认真地做某事), lead to(导致), look forward to, be /get used to(习惯于), be busy (in), insist on(坚持), keep on(继续), spend time / money (in) doing, prevent …from…,

feel like(喜欢), have difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth等。

28).I have never dreamed of _________ (visit) that place.

我从未幻想过要参观那个地方。

29).I insist on __________ (tell) him how great you were. 我坚持告诉他你是多么棒。

30). He insisted on __________ (send) her to hospital. 31). He insisted on ______________ (send) to work immediately. 32).Marx kept on _________ (study) English and using it. 马克思一直在学习和使用英语。

33). He is thinking of ____________(扩展) his business. 34).After that, he _________ most of his money to ___________ stamps.从那以后,他把他的大部分的钱都花在集邮上了

35).My mother is _________ much energy to ______________ my grandma.我的妈妈正把大量精力花在照顾外婆上

36).The farmer hasn’t got used to ________ in the city yet. 这个农民不习惯在城市里生活。

37). He ’ s been used to __________ (go) to bed later.

38). She spent years ____________ (观察) and recording their daily activities. 3. 既可接-ing和to do作宾语的动词, 常见的有: begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, hate, intend (打算做某事intend to do sth = = intend doing sth 等。

A. 在 like, love, hate, prefer等动词之后，

ing表示泛指习惯性的动作, to do表示具体的一次性动作。

B. 在 begin/start, continue之后, 用-ing和to do, 意义没有什么不同

3 39).They continued ___________ (work) as if nothing had happened. 40). He likes __________ but he doesn’t like __________ this afternoon. (swim) 41).What do you intend ______________ next? 你下一步打算做什么？

42). Some organic farmers prefer ________ grass between crops to prevent wind or water ________ carrying away the soil, and then ________ it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year's crop还有一些有机耕作者喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止水土流失，并且把草留在地里，

从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料。 4.有些动词后接不定式和v-ing形式做宾语时意义不同； try to do sth.设法做某事 / try doing sth.试着做某事以观其效果

mean to do sth. 打算干某事 / mean doing sth.意味着某事

stop doing sth.停止干某事 / stop to do sth.停下来去做某事

go on doing sth.继续不停地做某事(无间断) go on to do sth.做完一件事接着去做另一件事) can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事

can't help to do 不能帮忙做某事

regret having done / regret doing 后悔做了某事

regret to say that / regret to tell/inform that遗憾地说/告知

remember doing sth 记得做了某事 / remember to do 记着去做某事

forget doing 忘记做了某事 / forget to do 忘记去做某事

43).We regret ____________(inform) you that we cannot help you. 44). I have regretted ______________ (leave) the work unfinished. 45). He tried _________(clean) the spot with alcohol.

46). Bob tried hard _________(learn) cooking, but the meals he prepared were terrible. 47). I shall never forget __________ (watch) the sunrise over the sea------ it was unforgettable. 48). Teenagers live very busy lives and often forget ______________ (think about) their diets and exercise. 49).I remember ___________(meet) her at a party once. 57).________________ (玛丽的聪明) can not be denied(否认). 58). __________________(他父亲病了) made him worried. 59). __________(你正确) doesn’t necessarily mean my being wrong. 60). Can you imagine ______________ (他做饭) at home? 61). I objected to ________________ (汤姆离开). 62. Excuse me for ________________ (我没来) on time. 50). Remember _____________(turn off) the light before you leave. 63). The discovery of new evidence led to ___________________ (贼被抓住). 5.下列动词可接v.-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。 64). At the beginning of class, the noise of desk need/want/require/deserve doing (＝ need/want/require/deserve to be done) 51).This small room needs __________ (paint). (＝This small room needs to ____________)．

52).The sick woman required _________ (examine). (＝The sick woman required to ______________.) 这位生病的妇女需要接受检查。

53).His car wants ____________ (repair). (= His car wants to ____________ . 54). The question deserved ________ (discuss). (=The question deserved to ________.) 五． v-ing的复合结构的构成：

名词所有格/形容词性物主代词 + doing,此结构多在句中做主语和宾语，

当此结构做宾语时，名词所有格也可用名词的普通格代替或形容词性物主代词可用代词的宾格代替，但做主语时不可以。

55).Would you mind ______________ (我关门)?

______________________________ (open, close) could be heard outside the classroom. V-ing形式做表语、定语和宾补的用法

一．-

V-ing形式做表语

1.动名词形式做表语是说明主语的内容，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换。

1).My hobby is ____________________(集邮collect stamps). 2). ____________________(集邮) is my hobby. 2. v-ing形式和不定式都可以做主语和表语，但要有对称性：当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式形式；当主语是动词的-ing形式时，表语也要用动词的-ing. 3).To see is ___________ ( believe). 眼见为实

4).Seeing is ___________ ( believe). 3. 现在分词做表语时相当于形容词。表示“令人…的”；

56).______________ (他迟到) for class made Miss Green very angry. 过去分词表示“感到…的”。

4

常做表语的现在分词有： surprising, shocking, astonishing, amusing, entertaining, confusing, puzzling, disappointing, satisfying, pleasing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, touching, convincing, tiring, terrifying, frightening, 5).What you said was really ___________ (鼓舞人心). 6).We were ______________ (受到鼓舞) by your words. 二. V-ing形式做定语：

1. 单个的v-ing 形式做定语时，多数放在被修饰词之前做前置定语。

2. v-ing形式的短语做定语，通常放在被修饰词之后做后置定语

3.现在分词doing做定语表示与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作，可转换成定语从句；

being done表示被动关系且正在进行, to do 表示主动且发生在将来

to be done表示被动且发生在将来

done表示被动或已经发生

4. 动名词doing做定语表示名词的用途，相当于for短语。 5.有些动词的-ing形式已经转化成形容词，常做定语用来修饰物，

表示“令人…” 。此类词有：surprising, shocking, astonishing, amusing, entertaining, confusing, puzzling, disappointing, satisfying, pleasing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, touching, convincing, tiring, terrifying, frightening等。

6). v-ing形式的完成式(having done)一般不能做定语，只能做状语. a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing （现在分词）

drinking water= water for drinking （动名词）

a walking stick 手杖= a stick for walking（动名词）

Do you know the man standing at the gate? （现在分词）

= Do you know the man who is standing at the gate? 7).Today the number of people _________ (learn) English in China is increasing rapidly. 8). He may be in the ____________ (read) room, for all I know. 9). There were about 200 children ___________ (study) in the art school. 10). Who is the woman __________ (talk) to our English teacher? 11). The building ____________ (build) next year is our office building. 12). The building ______________ (build)now is our office building. 13). The building ______________ (build)last year is our office building. 14). There are a lot of boys __________ (play) football in the field. 15).The large building ______________ (build)will be a school. 16).John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter __________(offer) him it. 17).Have you read the novel _________ (write) by Dickens? 18).

His brother, ___________ (work) as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 19).

His brother, who ___________ (work) as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 5

三. V-ing形式做宾补的用法：

(用于否定句)不允许,不容忍某人做某事

1. doing 做宾补, 它强调宾语和宾补之间是主动关系表示动作正在进行。have sb do sth = get sb to do sth 可以带这种复合宾语的动词有see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, 让/使某人做某事(具体的一次性动作) observe, feel, find, 等感官动词和have, keep，leave等。

have sth done = get sth donesee sb doing sth ；look at sb doing sth ；hear sb doing sth ；listen to sb doing sth ；feel sb doing sth ；watch sb doing sth 1.

主语自己做2.主语请别人做3. 主语遭受某种不幸

observe sb doing sth ；notice sb doing sth ；find sb doing sth 2. do做宾补,表示宾语和宾补之间是主动关系并且动作已经发生

see sb do sth ；look at sb do sth ；hear sb do sth ；listen to sb do sth ；feel sb do sth ；watch sb do sth observe sb do sth ；notice sb do sth ；find sb do sth 被动语态为to do sb be seen to do sth ； sb be heard to do sth ；

3. done做宾补,表示宾语和宾补之间是被动关系或完成的动作

see sb/ sth done; hear sb / sth done 20). I heard her _______ (sing) an English song once. 21). I heard her _______ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 22). I heard the English song _______ (sing) many times. 23). They found the result very ____________(令人鼓舞). 24). A cook will be immediately fined if he is found __________(smoke) in the kitchen. 4. have sb doing sth5. leave sb / sth + n./ adj. / doing / done / 介词短语 留下某人 / 物

…

25). It’s wrong ______ you to leave the machine __________(run). 26). I have regretted leaving the work _______________(没有完成). 27)

He won’t have his daughter __________ (arrive) home late. 28). I won’t __________________ such things about my sister. 我不允许你这样说我的姐姐

29). She had us __________ (laugh) all through the meal. 30). I would have him ___________ (等我) at the gate of the park. 31). He __________________(把腿摔断了) when he fell off his bike. 32).I’d like to _________________ (请人理发) tomorrow. V-ing 形式做状语

V-ing形式做状语，与主句的主语之间为主动关系

可以做时间，原因，条件，让步状语，结果，方式，伴随状语时，通常位于句首，句中和句末。可以转化成与之相对应的状语从句。

1.

分词做时间状语, 相当于一个时间状语从句

1). _____________(hear) the news, they immediately set off 6

(用于肯定句)让某人一直/持续做某事

can’t/couldn’t/won’t have sb doing sth

for Shanghai. = When they __________(hear) the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

= When _____________ (hear) the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

7). _____________________________ (not, complete) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. = Because they ___________________ (not, complete) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 3.

分词做方式状语,相当于by构成的介词短语

8). He earns a living _________ (drive) a truck. = He earns a living by __________ a truck. 4.

分词做伴随状语,表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可转换为并列的谓语动词

9). They stood there _________(wait) for the bus.分词短语的动作完成之后，谓语动词表示的动作才发生，用分词的完成式(having done)作状语。

2). _________________(finish) the letter, he went to post it. = After he ____________(finish) the letter, he went to post it. 3). _____________(live) in Beijing for years, I almost know every place quite well. = After I _____________(live) in Beijing for years, I almost know every place quite well. 2.

分词做原因状语

= They stood there and _________(wait) for the bus. 10). The children ran out of the room, _________ and ___________ (laugh, talk) merrily. a. 分词表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用分词的一般式。= The children _________ , ___________ (laugh, talk) merrily 4) _______________ (not know) her address, I might as well and ran out of the room. telephone her to come over. 5.分词做条件状语，相当于一个条件从句。

b. 分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用分词的完成11). ___________ (work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 5). _______________ (smoke) too much, he has suffered from lung = If you ___________ (work) hard at your lessons, you are to cancer. succeed. 分词做原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时可以转化为一个原因状语从句；

6).因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。 ______________ how to work out the difficult physics problem, he turned to the teacher for help. = Because he _____________how to work out the difficult physics problem, he turned to the teacher for help.

7 = If ___________ (work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 6. 分词做让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句

12). ______ (know) all this, I still wanted to see it for myself. 13). __________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.

= Although he __________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 7. 分词做结果状语，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。

分词做结果状语，可转换成which 引导的定语从句，定整个句子

to do 做结果状语，表示出乎意料的让人失望的结果

14). He left, _________(leave) me to do all the rest work. = He left, which _________ (leave) me to do all the rest work. 15). He was caught in the rain, thus _________ (make) himself catch a cold. 16). I hurried to school, only ___________ (find) it was Sunday. 17). He hurried to the booking office only ____________(tell) that all the tickets had been sold out. 18).

------What’s the matter with Tim?

------Oh. Tim’s cellphone was left in a taxi accidently,

never ____________(find) again. 19).European football is played in 80 countries, thus __________ (make) it the most popular sport in the world. = European football is played in 80 countries, which __________ (make) it the most popular sport in the world. 8. with 的复合结构

1.

with+名词/代词+_________ 2.

with+名词/代词+_________ 3.

with+名词/代词+___________ 4.

with+名词/代词+____________ 5.

with+名词/代词+___________ 6.

with+名词/代词+___________

1. She

came

into

the

room, _____________________(鼻子发红)

because

of

cold. 2.The

boy

was

walking, with

his father__________(在前面).

3. The

teacher

entered

the

classroom

_____________________ (手里拿着一本书). 4. ____________________ (有许多工作要做), he can’t go home now.

5. She

fell

asleep ___________________________ (着着灯). 6. ______________________(什么也没剩下) in

the

cupboard，she went

out

to

get

something

to

eat. 1. without+名词/代词+形容词

2.

without+名词/代词+副词

3.

without+名词/代词+介词短语

4.

without+名词/代词+动词不定式

5.

without+名词/代词+现在分词

6.

without+名词/代词+过去分词 7.___________________________(什么也没剩下) in

the

cupboard，she went

out

to

get

something

to

eat. 8. He

could

not

finish

it

________________________ (没有我帮助他). 9. 独立主格结构

1.

名词/代词+形容词 2.

名词/代词+副词 3.

名词/代词+介词短语

4.

名词/代词+动词不式 5.

名词/代词+现在分词6.

名词/代词+过去分词 9. __________(天气允许的话), we are going to visit you tomorrow. = If ___________________(天气允许的话), we are going to visit you tomorrow. 10.The

manager

looks

worried, many

things

______________(settle). 11.The

manager

looks

relaxed,

many

things

___________(settle).

8

12.He

stood

at

the

door,

a

computer______________(手里拿着电脑)

.

=

He

stood

at

the

door,

and

a

computer

___________ (手里拿着电脑)

.

13. Today’s festivals have many origins, some ___________ (宗教上的), some ___________(季节性的), and some _________________________________ (为了特殊的人物或事件). 14. The

boy

was

walking,

his

father

____________(在前面) =

The

boy

was

walking

and

his

father

____________(在前面).

15. There

__________(be)

no

bus,

we

had

to

walk

home.

=

Because there

__________(be)

no

bus,

we

had

to

walk

home.

16. It

___________________(星期天),

all

the

offices

are

closed.

=

Because it

_____________(星期天), all the office are closed.

9

8) 分词做评价性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句子里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话一．V-ing的形式

者的态度、观点等。这类状语称为评论性状语或评注性状语。

generally speaking 一般来说/ strictly speaking 严格来说/ roughly speaking 大致说来/ broadly speaking 广义上来说/ judging from/ by …

由…判断/ frankly speaking 坦率地说/ personally speaking 就个人而言/supposing 如果/ considering (the time)

V-ing 形式做主语和宾语

动词的-ing形式在句中可做主语和宾语，起一个名词的作用，我们通常称为

“动名词”。

V-ing形式有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing形式还有主动语态和被动语态。我们以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其

v-ing各种形式列表如下：

动词时态

及物动词

make 不及物动词

go

v-ing形式

主动语态

被动语态

主语动词

一般式

making being made

going 完成式

having made having been

having gone made 注意：v-ing形式表示的动作与主要动词的动作同时发生或发生在主要动词动作之后，用一般式；v-ing形式表示的动作在主要动词之前发生，用完成式。

Eg: What worried the child most was not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital./ Learning English well is very important to all of us./ He was praised for having saved a boy’s life./

二．V-ing形式的基本用法

1. v-ing做主语

1) v-ing形式做主语: 表示抽象的概念，泛指经常性、不具体的动作；通常直接置于句首，谓语动词通常用单数。

Getting up early is a good thing. / Saying without doing is of no use./ Wasting a person’s time is the same as killing him for his property.财产

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2）v-ing做主语时，如果其结构较长，可用形式主语it, 而将做主语的v-ing后置。V-

ing形式多为某些形容词和名词，此类句型有：

It+ be + a waste of time doing… 做…是浪费时间的/ It + is/was no good/ use doing… 做…是没有用的/ Eg: It isn’t much good writing to them again./ It is no use crying over spilt milk. 腹水难收/ 注意: 其他常见的能用于该结构的形容词还有: better, wonderful, enjoyable, interesting, foolish, difficult, useless, senseless, worthwhile等

3）v-ing形式用于“There be”

结构中，此类句型有：

There is no doing … 无法，不予许…/ There is no sense doing … 做…没道理/ There is no use doing … 干…没用的/ There is/ was nothing worse than doing… 没用比…更糟的了/ There is/was no point doing… 干…无意义/

4）v-ing的复合结构做主语时，v-ing的逻辑主语要用名词或形容词性物主代词的所有格，通常不用名词的普通格或代词的宾格。

His being late for class made Miss Green very angry. (形容词性的物主代词的所有格形式做逻辑主语) →

one’s being + adj. = n. Mary’s being diligent can not be denied. (名词的所有格形式做逻辑主语) Your being right

doesn’t mean my being wrong. (形容词性的物主代词的所有格形式做逻辑主语)

2. V-ing形式做宾语

1）做动词的宾语：后接-ing形式做宾语的动词和动词短语有advise, admit, appreciate, consider, mind, suggest, fancy, avoid, deny, imagine, finish, excuse, enjoy, permit, resist, risk, stop, understand, explain, tolerate, quit, allow, forbid, miss, pardon, can’t help, can’t stand等。

Eg: I have decided to stop smoking./ Kate don’t fancy going out this evening./ He tried to avoid answering their questions./ a)

有些动词后接不定式和v-ing形式做宾语时意义不同；接不定式做

宾语表示尚未发生的动作，接v-ing形式做宾语时表示已经发生的动作。(如: try to do sth.企图干…/ try doing sth.试着干…/ mean to do sth. 打算干…/ mean doing sth.意味着…/ stop doing sth.停止干…/ stop to do sth.停下来去做…/ go on doing sth.继续干…(无间断)/ go on to do sth.停止干手头上的事去做另一件事) b)

当want, need, require作“需要”含义，be worth作“值得”含义时，后

接v-ing的主动形式作宾语，表示被动意义；want, need, require也可接不定式的被动式作宾语(to be done)。

Eg: His car wants repairing/ to be repaired./ This book is worth reading./ c)

在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟所有格及动词做宾

语时，要用v-ing形式；如果后面有名词或代词做宾语时，然后再跟宾补（即构成复合宾语），其宾补用带有to的不定式。

Eg: I don’t allow his swimming here. = I don’t allow him to swim here./

We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. d)

I would like/ love/ prefer 其后只接不定式形式做宾语。

Eg: I would like to have a single room with a bath./ Jim would love to be taken to the theatre this evening./

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2) v-ing的复合结构做宾语时，其逻辑主语可用名词或物主代词的所有格形式，也可用名词的普通格或代词的宾格。

Eg: Would you mind my (me) closing the door?/

3)

V-ing作介词的宾语，常用在某些短语之后，这类短语有：look forward to, insist on, think of, give up, depend on, succeed on, devote to, instead of, be busy in等。

b. v-ing 形式和不定式都要有对称性：当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式形式；当主语是动词的-ing形式时，表语也要用动词的-ing. Eg: To see is to believe./ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实

c. v-ing形式做表语时相当于形容词或名词。V-ing形式表主动，意为“令某人…的”；过去分词表示被动，说明人的内心感受。

Eg: I am thinking of buying a new dictionary./ Instead of smiling, each of them made a face./

4)

“do + 限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ v-ing” , 表示“做…事”之意。

Eg: We often do our cleaning on Friday afternoon./ Do you do any shopping every weekend./

V-ing形式做表语、定语和宾补的用法

v-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，具有名词的特征，在句中可以做表语、定语、宾补和状语等成分。

1.

V-ing形式做表语

1)

动名词形式做表语是对作主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语的

位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。

Eg: His duty is cleaning the playground./ My hobby is collecting stamps./ 2) 特殊用法：a. v-ing形式和不定式都可表示比较抽象的一般性的行

为；而表示具体的某一次动作，尤其是将来的动作时，多用不定式。

Eg: To obey/ Obeying the law is everyone’s duty./

Eg: We are all excited at the exciting news./

2. V-ing形式做定语：

①

单个的v-ing 形式做定语时，既可放在被修饰词之前做前置定语，也可放在其后做后置定语。

②

v-ing形式的短语做定语，通常放在被修饰词之后做后置定语，其逻辑主语就是所修饰的名词或代词，表示逻辑主语发出的动作，相当于一个定语从句。

③

v-ing形式做定语所表示的动作或行为是由其所修饰的名词发出的，在意义上表示主谓关系；或者表示名词的用途，相当于for短语。 a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing/ drinking water= water for drinking an attacking player./ A little child learning to walk often falls./ He asked an embarrassing question.难堪的问题/ Do you know the man standing at the gate? (= who is standing at the gate) 注意：1）v-ing形式做定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用动词的-ing形式做定语。

The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well./ 2) v-ing形式做定语时，指正在进行的动作，在意义上表示主谓关系；

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动词的-ing形式与被修饰词是被动关系，就用它的被动式，即being done, 通常表示正在进行的被动动作，常做后置定语。

There are a lot of boys playing football in the field./ The large building being built will be a school./ The question being discussed was presented by the headmaster. 3）v-ing形式的完成式一般不能做定语，只能做状语，相当于一个状语从句。

Not having completed the programme (= Because they haven’t completed the programme), they have to stay there for another two weeks.

# 同学们在复习v-ing做定语时需要掌握以下三个方面的用法：

1)

说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途；

They set up an operating table in a small temple./ He may be in the reading room, for all I know./ 2)

与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作；

There were about 200 children studying in the art school./ Who is the woman talking to our English teacher? 3)

有些动词的-ing形式已经转化成形容词，常做定语用来修饰物，

表示“令人…” 。此类词有：exciting, amusing, amazing, astonishing, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, pleasing, striking, boring, tiring, touching, moving, interesting, satisfying, terrifying, frightening等。

Eg: a terrifying experience可怕的经历/ an amusing success 惊人的成功/ a touching story 感人的故事

3. V-ing形式做宾补的用法：

动词的-ing形式在复合宾语中做宾补，它强调宾语的动作是主动的，又是正在进行的；宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。可以带这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

Eg: I saw Tom coming out of the house./ I am sorry I have kept you waiting so long./ 注意：动词的-ing形式与不定式、过去分词做宾补的区别：动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行或正在发生；不定式表示动作的全过程；过去分词则表示被动或完成的动作。Eg: I heard them singing that song./ I heard them sing that song./ I heard that song sung./

V-ing 形式做状语的用法

V-ing形式做时间、原因、条件、让步状语时，多位于句首；做结果、方式、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。

1）分词做时间状语,

相当于一个时间状语从句，

Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother./ a.

分词所表示的动作已经发生，谓语动词表示的动作立即发生，可

以用分词短语作时间状语。

Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy./ b. 分词做时间状语时，分词所表示的动作在进行的过程中，谓语动词表示的的动作也发生了，用v-ing的一般式作状语，其前面一般可加when或while. 例：While working in the factory, he was an advanced worker./ While playing the drum, she got very excited. (打鼓时) c. 分词短语的动作完成之后，谓语动词表示的动作才发生，用分词的完成式作状语。

We are ready for the examination, having made full preparations.

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2) 分词做原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时可以转化为一个原因状语从句；Working hard as he did, he still couldn’t succeed./ having done 完成形式也可用来作原因状语。 →

Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money. a. 分词表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用分词的一般式。例：Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over. (我只好打电话让她过来) b. 分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用分词的完成式。Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer./ Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.

3) 分词做方式或伴随状语, 用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可转换为并列句。例：My parents wrote me a letter telling me to change my job./ Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest./ Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 注视着天空

4)

分词做条件状语，表示一种假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句。此种情况下，

有时在分词短语前加上if, unless,使条件更加明确。

Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed./ United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡/ Seen in the distance, the village looks more beautiful./

5）分词做让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时分词可带有连词although, whether, even if, even though. Knowing all this, I still wanted to see it for myself./

6) 分词做结果状语，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。

The big fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. Football is played all over the world, making it a popular sport.

7) 分词做程度状语，常译为“很，非常，极度”。如果换为very, 句子的语气弱一点。It is burning hot today./ Mary is an amazing beautiful girl./

8) 分词做评价性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句子里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。这类状语称为评论性状语或评注性状语。

generally speaking 一般来说/ strictly speaking 严格来说/ roughly speaking 大致说来/ broadly speaking 广义上来说/ judging from/ by …

由…判断/ frankly speaking 坦率地说/ personally speaking 就个人而言/supposing 如果/ considering (the time) 11.

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